Introduction to Child Development

Prenatal, infancy & toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence

5 age periods of development.

Development

study of change and continuity across time.

physical, cognitive, psychosocial

three aspects of development.

Heredity

inborn traits that we inherit from our parents.

Environment

a person’s situation or circumstances

Maturation

unfolding of a nature sequence of physical and behavioral events.

nuclear family

most immediate family trays within a household

Extended Family

broader family beyond nuclear family

Culture

customs, traditions, and values of a group of people.

Ethnic Group

people that are tied together by a distinctive culture, ancestors, or religion.

Ethic gloss

overgeneralize about an ethnic group

Socioeconomic status

includes occupation, education and income. E

Ethnicity

shared sense of identity and values

Normative Events

that event is experienced the same by most people within a group

Normative Age-Graded Influences

typical age-related event—>very similar experiences for kids same age.

Normative History-Graded Influences

typical for history, very similar experiences for people at a formative time in their life and what is going on in history at that point.

Historical Generation

a group of people, who are relatively the same age, who experience a historical event and it shapes who they are.

Nonnormative Events

an unusual event/experience that most people don’t have and it has a major impact on a person’s development.

Critical period

a specific time when a certain event has its greatest impact. (rigid).

Sensitive Period

a specific time when a certain event has its greatest impact. (flexible).

Organismic Model

view children as being active in their development.

Mechanistic Model

we view children as more passive in their development, instead environment does the work.

Continuous Development

small quantitive changes overtime.

Discontinuous Development

huge dramatic or qualitative changes over time

Psychoanalytic

Theory that emphasizes role of emotions and unconscious in shaping development.

Id

contains basic instincts that all humans have. Driven by the pleasure princple

pleasure principle

demands immediate unrestrained gratification.

Ego

decision-maker, it tries to gratify the id but not get in trouble. Functions according to the reality principle

Reality Principle

don’t violate societal norms.

Superego

moral compass; we internalize messages form society about right and wrong especially those from our parents.

Libido

sexual energy that motivates behavior.

Fixation

when you get stuck at a stage due to over or under indulgence.

Oral

12-18 months, libio is focused on mouth for source of pleasure.

Anal

12-18 months to 3 years; libido is focused on anus—>big emphasis on toilet training.

anal explusive

someone who makes messes as they under indulged in the anal stage.

Anal compulsive

highly organized and neat due to overindulgence at anal stage.

Phallic

3-6 years; libido is focused on genitals but in a symbolic way.

Edipus Complex

boys want to have sex with mom but dad could castrate him—>identifies with dad to get close to mom—>male gender role.

Electra complex

edipedus complex for girls.

Latency

6-12 years; libido isn’t focused on anything.

Genital Stage

adolescence to adulthood; libido is focused on genital—>1st time ewe can have mature sexual encounters.

Psychosocial theory

primary determinant of personality is our social relationships.

Classical Conditioning

how we learn to associate 2 events that occurred in order to learn how one is predicting the other.

Operant Conditioning

a child does a behavior and what happens after (reinforcer or punishment) leads to increase or decrease of that behavior.

Reciprocal Determinism

development is bidirectional (child acts on world and world acts on child).

Observational Learning

learning can occur by observing other people around you.

Cognitive Stage Theory

children’s minds are qualitatively different than adults.

Schemes

how we organize information around a concept.

Adaption

how people handle new info.

Assimilation

try to make new thing fit into existing schemes.

Accommodation

adjust schemes to fit a new bit of info.

Equilibration

finding a stable balance between assimilation and accommodation.

Development of Thinking

qualitative changes in things at different ages—>universal.

Information Processing Approach

view mind like a computer and break it down into its component parts to understand it. Small quantitative changes.

Contextual Perspective

looks at context in which a child develops.

Microsystem

everyday environment a child is in.

Mesosystem

any interaction or linking of any two microsystems

exosystem

linking of 2 or more environments, one of which does not directly involve the child.

Chronosystem

how do all of systems have stability and change over time.

bioecological theory

bronfenbrenner.

Social cultural theory

children actively emerge and interact with environment which results in learning.

Zone of proximal development

level at which a child can almost do something on their own.

Scaffolding

temporary support that parents and teachers give to a child before they learn something.

Evolutionary/sociobiological perspective

Looks at how certain traits developed to promote survival.

90%

how many coups who want to have kids can naturally?

Fertilízation

process by which egg and sperm join to create 1 new cell

Zygote

the 1 cell that is created by fertilization

Dizygotic Twins

2 zygotes—>faternal twins.

Monozygotic Twins

originated from 1 zygote and during division divided into 2 chunks that developed into two babies. Identical twins.

Infertility

if have actively tried to get pregnant for 12 months or more and haven’t gotten pregnant.

30%

How many couples suffer from infertility

15%

percent of infertility with accounted causes.

Age, STIs, smoking alcohol, etc.

Causes of infertility.

1%

how many babies in the US are born due to ART

artificial insemination

get injection of sperm directly into woman’s cervix.

In Vitro Fertilization

have fertilization occur outside of woman’s body under the microscope. Put eggs once fertilized back in the uterus.

Ovum Transfer

eggs are donated by another woman and are utilized via in vitro fertilization.

Surrogacy

another woman carries the baby to term gives birth and child is given to couple.

Gestational Carrier

when nuclei of egg contains mom’s DNA not the surrogate’s but surrogate still carries the baby.

Chromosome

coils of DNA that carry a gene

Gametes

sex cells (egg and sperm)

Genes

certain traits associated with a segment of DNA.The functional unit of heredity.

DNA

chemicals in genes that enable those cells to form and function.

SRY

what is gene on the Y chromosome tat signals the production of testosterone

HOX

what is the gene on the X chromosome that triggers the production of Wnt-4?

Wnt-4

What is the chemical responsible for the primary female characteristics?

Alleles

pair of genes that determine a trait.

Genotype

pattern of alleles

Phenotype

observable expression of genotype

Sex-Linked Inheritance

recessive trait is only carried on X chromosome

Incomplete dominance

dominant inheritance that isn’t complete just one combination doesn’t carry through.

Polygenetic Inheritance

you have an interaction of a number of genes to produce a trait.

Multifactorial Transmission

the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.

Epigenesis

a mechanism that controls the functioning of genes by turning them on and off without affecting their DNA structure.

Down Syndrome

most common genetic & chromosomal abnormality, its is when their an extra chromosomal material on chromosome 21. `

Genetic counseling

helps you know the odds of a disorder by producing a karotype

karotype

picture of the genes of dad and mom and is thus used to calculate the odds of inheritance of said genes.

Heritability

the statistical estimate of the contribution of heredity to individual differences on a specific trait within a population.

Reaction Range

the potential variability of a trait—>heredity sets the range and the environment determines where in that range one falls.

Canalization

traits that have a strong genetic component