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What is DNA?
DNA carries hereditary information (genes), is a polymer of nucleotide monomers, is double-stranded, anti-parallel and complementary.
What is a chromosome?
A chromosome is the organizational unit where DNA is structured, containing multiple genes.
What are telomeres?
Protective 'caps' at both ends of a chromosome.
How many chromosomes do humans have?
Humans have 46 chromosomes.
What pairs make up homologous chromosomes?
Homologous chromosomes are pairs consisting of one chromosome from each parent, containing the same genes but potentially different traits.
What is the diploid number (2n) for dogs?
The diploid number (2n) for dogs is 78.
What checkpoints exist in the cell cycle?
The three main checkpoints are Gap1, Gap2, and Mitosis.
What happens in the S phase of interphase?
DNA is replicated, and centrosome replication occurs.
What structures are formed during prophase?
During prophase, chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes and the mitotic spindle begins to form.
What is the role of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)?
Cyclins regulate the cell cycle by fluctuating in concentration, while CDKs activate other proteins by phosphorylating them.
What is the purpose of the Gap1 checkpoint?
The Gap1 checkpoint evaluates growth factors, DNA damage, cell size, and nutrients before allowing progression in the cell cycle.
What occurs during anaphase?
Sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell.
What is density-dependent inhibition?
A process wherein cells stop growing when they become too crowded.
What characterizes a cancer cell?
Cancer cells do not follow normal cell cycle signals, grow uncontrollably, and can divide without being attached to other cells.
What is the definition of haploid?
Haploid refers to cells that contain only one copy of each chromosome.
What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?
Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs from each parent, while sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere.
What phases comprise mitosis?
Mitosis consists of the phases: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
What occurs during telophase/cytokinesis?
Nuclear membranes reform around daughter chromosomes, and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm into two separate cells.
What is a karyotype?
A karyotype displays homologous chromosomes arranged by size.
What ensures DNA is properly replicated?
Mitosis Promoting Factor (MPF) is activated by cyclins to check for proper DNA replication before proceeding with mitosis.
What is the function of the mitotic spindle?
The mitotic spindle, made of microtubules, attaches to chromosomes at the centromere to move them during mitosis.
What is RNA?
RNA is a nucleic acid that plays crucial roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
What are the types of RNA?
The main types of RNA are messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).
What is the function of mRNA?
mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized.
What is transcription?
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
What is translation?
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins using the information carried by mRNA.
What is a codon?
A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid.
What is a mutation?
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to changes in gene function.
What is a gene?
A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein.
What is the role of tRNA?
tRNA transports specific amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis based on the codon sequence.
What are exons and introns?
Exons are coding regions of a gene, while introns are non-coding regions that are spliced out during RNA processing.
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