A level TUDORS - A MORE PROTESTANT NATION 1547-1553

What 3 strategies did Henry employ to ensure Edward's succession?

• Edward would be crowned king shortly after his accension to the throne

• the government would be placed in the hands of the privy council

• edward was to be educated by protestant sympathisers

who is the lord protector?

appointed to govern the country while the king is a minor

why was the government unstable at this point?

• even if there weren't tensions between conservative and reformist factions, it was unlikely a 16 member could have governed successfully

• Edward Seymour was able to secure leadership for ''the better conduct of business'' as lord protector in Feb 1547 (very soon after edward became king)

• The imbalance of the factions: the weaknessof the conservtive faction in comparison to the reformist faction was evident and it meant that the reformist faction were able to take control of the council

why was somerset made lord protector?

• due to his personality

• the suppport of william paget

• the need for a strong military leader while england was still involved in war (2)

how long was Somerset Lord protector for?

1547-1549 (2 years)

what was cranmer's speech implying at Edward's coronation?

• he preached sermons drawing similarities between his reign and king josiah

• it envisioned a long reign in which protestantism could be established and embedded

what was edward's childhood like?

• he was practically being trained for being king

• he was taught latin, greek and french

• he wrote early essays that were critical of catholisicm

• he wrote plans for economic development that havent been developed until the 19th century

• he was most likely just an admirer of affairs at his age

how was government operating?

• during the first 2 years they were like the government during henry's riegn

• the privy council used the same methods and machinery

• however, the difference was the leadership of sommerset

who was the duke of sommerset? (the good duke)

• edward seymour, jane seymour's brother and edward's uncle

how sommerset rise to power?

• he was part of henry's council

• he was well liked by henry ( earned henry's respect through military exploits )

• he had a reputation as a very good solider in france and scotland

• he was one of the 16 men in the regency

• he presented himself as the ''natural'' leader because he was the king's uncle

• there were no paternal uncles

• he may have had help from paget aswell

• by the end of feb 1547, he was lord protector with poers to appoint and dissmiss members of the privy council

what was the state of foriegn situation in 1547

• england was at war with France and relations were also strained with Scotland

• France had an alliance with scotland which made the northern enemy potentially even more aggressive

What was the 1543 Treaty of Grenwhich?

• Henry betrothed Edward to the Scottish Princess Mary (Queen of Scots)

• it was Henry's way of making a bid for the Scottish throne

• however, this was later broken by the scots and without a possible alliance with France, Sommerset began a campaign against Scotland

what was Somerset's main priority?

foriegn policy

How did Somerset's campaign against Scotland turn out?

• it went well initially

• somerset and dudley led their armies to berwick to defeat the scots in the battle of pinkie

• but then somerset did nothing for months allowing the scots to secure french support

• they captured english courts and allowed the the safe passage of mary to france for her marriage

• somerset decided not to pull out of the conflict and continue on despite a lack of funds

how much did somerset spend on the war with france?

• he spent over half a million pounds on the war in the north

how did somerset's protectorship end?

• with a war in France and a hostile Scottish

why was the prayer book reformist?

• it leaned towards protestantism

• it advocated for communication with god without a priest

• the idea of a personal relationship with god was a radical one

• there were no masses to be said for the dead

• there were no statements of purgatory

what eveidence is there that somerset's council was religiously reformist?

• the council was moderately reforming

• there was a growing radical minority in london

• although it was a minority, they were gentry and so they could not be alienated

• many of those who were exiled in henry's reign for being reformist, returned with hopes for eclesiastical refrom

• there was the repeal of the Six Articles and a less severe treason act that allowed people to openly discuss reigious matters

• the prayer book leaned towards protestantism wht

how did somerset respond to financial crisis?

• to increase taxation and debase coinage

• this exasberrated the long term problems of population increase, poverty and inflation

• he tried to gain support by passing the vagrancy and public order act in 1547

what was the vagrancy act? how did people respond to it?

• any able bodied person who was out of work for more than three days would be branded with a v, sold into slavery and have their children taken away from them

• it was regarded as widely unpopular and barbaric

how did sommerset's attack on enclosures exasberate economic problems?

• he issued proclamations against the increase of tax on wool

• he lost the support of landed elites who viewed the enclosures as means of increasing their wealth

• the resulting social unrest and and his failure to contain attacks on property lost him the support of the privy council

why did edward lose confidence in somerset in 1549?

• he effectively kidnapped edward and held him in windsor castle

• edward's journal shows how outraged edward was by this attack and violation of his authority

• this lead to northumberland replacing him in his role

what are the reasons for somerset's fall?

• arogant manner (unpopular in court)

• furthering his own power

• govenrment run from his household, by proclamation instead of by parliament

• foreign policy failures in scotland

• failure to allieviate socio-economic problems that encouraged rebellion against the govenrment

• feeble response to the rebellions

who was John Dudley? ( Northumberland )

• had a successful career as a naval officer and soliders

• 1540s = leader in somerset's reform faction

• in somerset's privy council and he took control of the government

• he put down the kett's rebellionin 1549

• allied with the conservatives to bring down somerse, then abandoned them to become the duke of northumberland

• he did this to consolidate his hold on power

why was he called the ''wicked duke''?

• he ended wars with france

• tackled england's bankrupcy head on

• he introduced local based policing after the rebellions

• his religious policy was in line with edward's (protestant)

• when edward fell ill, he excluded mary and elizabeth from the succession

• he changed the will so that lady jane grey would take the throne

• he wanted to maintain power by placing his daughter in law on the throne although many believed it was Edward's idea

• Mary was marching with an army down to london to take the crown herself but Northumberland surrendered and made her queen

• he was convicted of high treason and executed

how did northumberland's rise to power? what was his 1st coup?

• 1st coup = removing somerset, he joined forces with conservative leaders to remove the protector

how did northumberland's rise to power? what was his 2nd coup?

• 2nd coup = removal of the conservative faction, his position was not secure, the conservatives didn't trust him and were suspicious of his friendship with somerset

• dudley turned on southhampton and arundel removing them from the council

how did northumberland's rise to power? what was his final establishment of power?

• made grandmaster of the household

• made himself Duke of Northumberland in October 1551

how did northumberland increase the quality of leadership?

• he enlarged membership in the privy council (military men in case of serious unrest) - taking control of rebellions before they even happen

• historians generally believe he was better at delegating than somerset, he used experts to repair somersets damage (e.g the vagrancy act)

• Gardiner's terms of imprisonment were tightened

who was william cecil and what did he do in terms of finance?

• william cecil was put in charge of finance

• he advised the sale of chantry lands to pay off the gov debt from somerset's wars

what other improvements to finance were made under northumberland?

• re-valunation of coinage halted inflation in 1552

• strict economies on government spending

• thomas grensham was sent to antwerp to manipulate the stock market and restore confidence in the sterling

• northumberland set up commission to investigate corruption and inefficiency in tax collection

• the management of the government's finance became more efficient

• privy council could balance income vs expenditure more efficiently

what did the end of the debasement of coinage do?

• it stimulated the cloth trade again and halted inflation

• this had some impact on reducing employment,

• the vagrancy act and the tax on sheep were repealed to reduce unrest in the localities (the south west)

what did the 1550 treason act do?

• the treason act in 1550 gave authorities more power in introducing laws and introducing greater censorship

what was the foriegn policy under northumberland?

• french laid siege on boulogne (Henry's expensive conquest)

• northumberland had to negotiate peace and could not afford war

• relations with the holy roman empire declined, charles V ordered dutch contacts to stop trading with english merchants

• a war between the empire and france in 1553 lifted the ban and led to france refusing to pay their ransom for boulogne

what was the treaty of boulogne?

• it was £133,333 in return for boulogne

what was the treaty of norham?

• england withdrew from scotland ending the "rough wooing" english and scottish conflict) (1543-51)

How did relations with the Holy Roman Empire decline after the treaty of bulogne and norham?

• Charles V ordered Dutch contacts to stop trading with English merchants

• war between the empire and france lifted this ban but led to france refusing to pay the ransom for boulogne

What are the 4 phases of the Edwardian reformation?

• January to December 1547: destruction of catholic beliefs and practices

• January to November 1548: a period of limbo

• December 1548 - July 1553: The establishment of protestantism

• From January 1552 - establishment of FULL protestantism

What key changes happened in phase 1?

• Royal visitations announced

• The book of Homilies and Paraphrases

• Royal Injunctions

• The Chantries Act

• Act of Six Articles repealed

• Treason Act repealed

What date was the announcement of royal visitations?

May 1547

What we're the royal visitations?

• Commissioners were to be sent to all bishoprics to examine the state of the clergy, doctrine and practices of the church

• Noticeably, protestant clergyman we're to be in charge of these

• They attacked the catholic "superstitions" they found

• They actually tactically set off in August after the Book of homilies and injunctions had been passed so they were armed to transform the church

what impact did the visitations have on episcopal authority?

• episcopal authority was suspended until the visitations were complete

• Eamon Duffy "England held its breath"

what was the date of the Book of Homilies and Paraphrases?

July 1547

What was the Book of Homilies and Paraphrases?

• model sermons for the uneducated clergy

• Erasmus's english paraphrases should be placed in every church

• They were written and compiled by Cranmer and were to be read out every Sunday

• The Homilies contained support of Lutheran belief and justification by faith alone

What impact did the Book of H and P have?

• Bishop Gardiner and Bonner objected to them and were imprisoned

• By 1549 most churches had both texts

when we're the royal injunctions?

31st July 1547

what were some of the royal injunctions?

• all clergy to preach in english

• churches to have an english bible and Erasmus paraphrases

• superstitious images to be removed (iconoclasm)

what is duffy's and marshall's opinion on the injunctions?

• duffy = a charter for revolution

• marshall = iconoclasm...was a festival for destruction, a performance of gleeful triumph of the new ways over the old

When was the Chantries Act?

November-December 1547

What was the Chantries Act?

• 1547 act continuing the closing of chantries and beginning the seizure of valuables

• an act of dissolution that contained a condemnation of all prayers for the dead

• their property was seized by the crown

• for somerset it was a way for him to find his was with scotland

• it attacked the beliefs in purgatory

what was the impact of the chantries act?

• catholic prayer were now meaningless

• duffy says " chantries were condemned root and branch as based in blindness and ignorance "

what date was the act of 6 articles repealed? what was its impact?

• nov and dec 1547

• when originally passed in 1539, it re-established the key catholic doctrines

• now it was a doctrinal vacuum

• it left the church without official doctrine

what date was the treason act repealed?

nov and dec 1547

what was the impact of the treason act being repealed?

• the old heresy, treason, censorship and proclamation laws were removed

• people could now discuss religion freely without fear of imprisonment and arrest

• radicals used this to spread their views

overall, what happened before the state of limbo?

• surge of radical protestant activity which the government struggled to control

What changes happened in Phase 2 the period of limbo?

• proclamations to dampen protestant unrest

• iconoclasm

• changes to holy week

• proclamation stating only authorised clergy could preach

• proclamations of no preaching to be preached until the new liturgy had been introduced

what dates were the series of proclamations issued to dampen protestant unrest?

jan-march 1548

what were the cause of the sereis of proclamations?

• the privy council felt the need to assert that transubstantiation was still technically in force and that Catholic rites still needed to be adhered to

• government trying to achieve order while cranmer worked on the new prayer book

when were all images removed from churches?

early 1548

why were all images removed?

• the official order was passed at the begnning of his reign but it only just came into effect

• parishes now ordered to comile inventory of their church goods

• this was achieved with surprsingly little oppostition

when were changes made to the holy week?

early 1548

what changes were made?

• Cranmer banned the imposition of ashes on as wednesday and the bearing of palms on palm sunday and candles on candle mass

• building on injunctions in 1547

• "clean sweep" of sacraments completed when cranmer banned holy bread and holy water

• Marshell called it a clean sweep

what date was the proclamation that authorised clergy to be the only onces allowed to preach?

april 1548

what opposition occured that cause the proclamations?

• layman who purchased church land called william body was murdered by a group of farmers

• it smowballed into a 300,000 man rebellion

• flood of unauthorised preachers alarmed the government

what was the government trying to do with the proclamations?

• control the opposition

• prevent religious civil war ( wars taking place in germany )

what date was the proclamation that there was to be no preaching until the new liturgy that was to be introduced?

• september 1548

what was the aim of proclamation that there was to be no preaching until the new liturgy?

• the new liturgy set instructionds for how church serveices were to be performed

• showed that the government felt that the situation was getting out of control

what does marshal say about the proclamation?

• "Everywhere in England, disunity was recgnised as the new realty"

what was the extent of chnage in the period of limbo?

• not minor changes

• people in the localities saw ceremonies they has participated in their whole lives came to an abrupt end

what changes occurred during the 3rd stage: formative?

• a protestant form of worship was established

• the first book of common prayer

• the first act of uniformity

• royal proclamations

• new reformed ordinal

• more royal proclamations

• new treason act

What date was the First Book of Common Prayer?

Dec 1548

what was the first book of common prayer?

• manual written by Thomas Cranmner outlining the liturgy (how religion is done) that was to become law in 1549

• it has been described as moderately protestant

• Cranmer hoped it would satisfy the majority of people but it didn't

• it substituted the elaborate medievil liturgy and imposed a centralised uniformity to worship

what date was the first act of uniformity?

Jan 1549

what was the first act of uniformity?

• made the book of common prayer the official liturgy for churchservices everywhere

• abolished medieval liturgy

• it was effectively enforced despite pockets of religion (western rebellion)

what date were the first royal proclamation in the third stage?

nov 1549

what was this proclamation?

• these proclamations were confirmed in parliament

• removed all laws against clerical marriage

• all eclesiasitical courts were no in the king's name

• removed the "benifit of the clergy" once and for all

when was the royal proclamation that orderd the destruction of all remaining of images in parish churches?

dec 1549 ( implies that previous attempts to do this were unsuccessul )

when was the new reformed ordinal that detailed the ceremony that was to follow whne the clergy were ordained, required them to swear an oath to saints and wear white surplices?

jan 1550

when was the royal proclamation that ordered the removal of stone alters, and the replacement of wooden alters and to remove the idea of "sacrifice" from the Eucharist?

nov 1550

• demonstarates a shift away from the eucharist as a miracle of transubstantiation and towards the idea that the ceremony was one of rememberance

when was the new treason act that made it an offence to question the royal sumpremacy or any articles of faith in the Edwardian Church? what does it reflect?

jan 1552

• reflects the fact that the protestant reform had created some unrest

how would you summarise stage four: Completion?

• further reforms seeing the establishment of (arguably) full protestantism

what changes occured during stage 4?

• The second book of common prayer

• second act of uniformity

• "black rubric" proclamation

• 42 articles submitted

• short catechism

what date was the second book of common prayer which was a highly protestant prayer book produced by cranmer that clearly changed the eucharist to be in line with calvanist belief in a spiritual precense? what did it remove?

• jan 1552

• prayers for the dead and the wearing of vestements

what did the introduction of this book cause in terms of it impact?

• regarded as the completion of a protestant church

• was opposed by some radical reformers who resented the black rubric (kneeling in communion)

what date was the second act of uniformity that enforced the second book of common prayer and made it offence for the clergy and laity not to attend church services? what was the punishment for these offences?

• april 1552

• fines or imprisonment

what was the date of the black rubric which explained that kneeling in communion was for the sake of good order rather than idoltary? How did Edward personally achiecve this?

• nov 1522

• he personally intervened in this debate

what date was the submission of the 42 articles? why is this complex? what views did these articles express?

• submitted in 1552 bu tissued on 1553 (after Edward had died) so they never became law

• they were extremely protestant and based on the doctrine of justification by faith alone and on calvin's view on calvin's belief in predestination

what was the problem with Cranmer's book of common prayer? what did it outline for the liturgy of the church? what remained?

• it was basically a fudge as it oulined what Cranmer believed was politically correct rather than what he himself believed so he satisfied very few people

• it outline services in english, communion in both kinds, clerical marriage allowed,purgatory unclear, prayers for the dead discouraged but nor banned

• holy days and traditional vestemtents

how did the second book of common prayer satisfy reformers?

• it swung very far towards protestantism

• it truly reflected cranmer's beliefs

• traditional robes not to be worn

• the sign of the cross was abolished

what rebelions occurred in 1549?

• commotions in lincolnsire

• commotions in somerset, wiltsire, gloucestersire, hampsire and kent

• the western rebellion

• the ketts rebellion

• commtions in leistersire and retland

when was the western rebellion?

• may-june 1549

what was the principal cause of the rebellion?

• religion

• conservative cunties of devon and cornwall were resistant to changes to catholic practices and intervention from the government on their beliefs

what did william body do in 1547?

• he was a government agent sent to cornwall who inflamed the localtities and attempted to carry out the destruction of images

• a mob set upon him and killed him

what were the critisisms of the rebellion?

• dissolution of the chantries

• undermining of local guilds who supported masses for the dead

• annpouncement of the new prayer book being used uniformaly on whitsunday in 1549 ( the governemnt were trying to introduce new liturgy on one of the holiest days of the year )

what was the impact of whitsunday?

• transfromed hostility into a full blown rebellion

what were the events if the western rebellion?

• an army of rebels from across the south-west congregated and camped, occupying the road to exeter

• the protest was gaining attraction and they all stood up against Sir Peter Carew who was an evangelical

• he was unsuitable to deal with the rebellion and so somerset appointed lord russell to restore law and order but he was also inadequate in his force

how many rebels were there in july?

2000

what was their banner of?

the five wounds of christ

what happened when the mayor refused their demands?

• the seige on exeter began and the demands of the western rebels were delivered to somerset

what were the motives behind Somerset's leniancy to the rebellion?

• lack of awareness of the situation

• military requirements elsewhere