APUSH Unit 7 IDs Part 1

Election of 1912

A four-way race where Theodore Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party split the Republican vote, allowing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win.

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Created the Federal Reserve System to regulate the banking industry and stabilize the economy.

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

Strengthened antitrust laws by prohibiting monopolistic practices and protecting labor unions.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

An agreement between the U.S. and Britain stating neither would build a canal in Central America without mutual consent.

U.S.S. Maine

A U.S. battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898, sparking the Spanish-American War.

Atlanta Compromise (1895)

Booker T. Washington's speech urging Black economic progress while accepting segregation.

Niagara Movement (1905)

Led by W.E.B. Du Bois, this group demanded full civil rights and opposed Booker T. Washington's gradualist approach.

Great Migration (1910s-1940s)

The mass movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities for jobs and better living conditions.

Sixteenth Amendment

Allowed Congress to levy an income tax.

Seventeenth Amendment (1913)

Established the direct election of U.S. senators.

Eighteenth Amendment (1919)

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol (Prohibition).

Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

Granted women the right to vote.

Annexation of Hawaii (1898)

The U.S. formally annexed Hawaii following the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani.

Spanish-American War (1898)

A conflict where the U.S. defeated Spain, acquiring Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Rough Riders

A volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of Filipino forces against Spain and later the U.S. in the Philippine-American War.

Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

A brutal conflict between U.S. forces and Filipino nationalists resisting American rule.

Platt Amendment

Allowed U.S. intervention in Cuba and established Guantanamo Bay.

Teller Amendment

Stated the U.S. would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

Panama Canal (1914)

A waterway built by the U.S. for faster maritime trade between the Atlantic and Pacific.

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine, asserting U.S. intervention in Latin America to maintain stability.

Dollar Diplomacy (1909-1913)

President Taft's policy of promoting U.S. economic interests abroad.

Moral Diplomacy (1913-1921)

Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy promoting democracy and human rights.

Lusitania (1915)

A British passenger ship sunk by Germany, killing Americans and increasing U.S. support for WWI.

Zimmermann Telegram (1917)

A secret German proposal to Mexico for an alliance against the U.S., leading to U.S. entry into WWI.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Upheld limits on free speech during wartime, establishing the "clear and present danger" doctrine.

American Expeditionary Force (1917-1918)

U.S. troops led by General John J. Pershing in WWI.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Ended WWI, imposed harsh penalties on Germany, and established the League of Nations.

Central Powers vs. Allies

WWI alliances, with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (Central Powers) against Britain, France, and the U.S. (Allies).

U-Boats

German submarines that attacked Allied shipping during WWI.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's post-WWI peace plan emphasizing self-determination and the League of Nations.

Irreconcilables vs. Reservationists

Opponents of the Treaty of Versailles; the ________ rejected it outright, while the _______ wanted changes.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A senator who led opposition to the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.

Black Jack Pershing

Commander of the American Expeditionary Force.

Alice Paul

A suffragist and leader of the National Woman's Party who pushed for the Equal Rights Amendment.

Ida Tarbell

A muckraker who exposed Standard Oil's monopolistic practices.

Jacob Riis

A photojournalist who documented urban poverty in How the Other Half Lives.

Sierra Club

Environmental organization founded by John Muir advocating for conservation.

Muller v. Oregon

Supreme Court case that upheld limits on women's working hours, citing health concerns.

Hetch Hetchy Valley

A controversial site dammed for water supply, opposed by John Muir.

John Muir

A naturalist who fought for national parks and wilderness preservation.

Gifford Pinchot

Roosevelt's chief forester who promoted conservation through sustainable resource use.

Teddy Roosevelt

Progressive president known for trust-busting, conservation, and the Square Deal.

William Howard Taft

Roosevelt's successor, later Chief Justice, known for Dollar Diplomacy.

Woodrow Wilson

President during WWI, promoted the League of Nations and Progressive reforms.

Florence Kelley

Advocate for child labor laws and better working conditions.

Jane Addams

Founder of Hull House and a pioneer in social work and women's rights.

Robert LaFollette

Progressive politician known for fighting political corruption.

Ida B. Wells

Journalist and activist against lynching and for civil rights.

Carrie Nation

A radical Prohibitionist known for smashing saloons with a hatchet.

Pancho Villa

A Mexican revolutionary leader who conducted raids along the U.S.-Mexico border, pursued unsuccessfully by General Pershing.

George Creel

Head of the Committee on Public Information, which used propaganda to promote U.S. involvement in WWI.

Eugene Debs

A socialist leader and labor activist who was imprisoned for opposing WWI under the Espionage Act.

Herbert Hoover

U.S. president (1929-1933) blamed for the Great Depression, previously known for organizing food relief in WWI.

Red Scare (1919-1920)

A period of intense fear of communism and radical leftist movements in the U.S. following the Russian Revolution.

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who led the Palmer Raids against suspected radicals during the Red Scare.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian anarchists convicted and executed for robbery and murder, despite questionable evidence, symbolizing anti-immigrant sentiment.

Al Capone

A notorious gangster who controlled Chicago's illegal alcohol trade during Prohibition.

John T. Scopes

A Tennessee teacher tried for teaching evolution in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

Scopes Monkey Trial (1925)

A high-profile trial over the teaching of evolution, symbolizing the conflict between modern science and religious fundamentalism.

Henry Ford

Revolutionized mass production with the assembly line and made automobiles affordable to the public.

Charles Lindbergh

First pilot to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic in 1927, becoming a national hero.

Margaret Sanger

Advocate for birth control and founder of Planned Parenthood.

Langston Hughes

A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance, celebrating African American culture and struggles.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, showcasing Black literature, music, and art.

Lost Generation

A group of disillusioned writers after WWI, including Hemingway and Fitzgerald, who criticized materialism and war.

Immigration Acts (Quota Systems) 1924

Laws that severely restricted immigration, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe and Asia.

Bible Belt

A region in the South known for its conservative religious beliefs and resistance to modernist ideas.

RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation)

A government agency created by Hoover to provide financial aid to struggling banks and businesses.

William McKinley

The 25th U.S. president (1897-1901), led the nation during the Spanish-American War and supported high tariffs and imperialism.

Marcus Hanna

A wealthy industrialist and political strategist who helped McKinley win the presidency, advocating pro-business policies.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Naval officer and strategist who wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, emphasizing the importance of naval power in global dominance.

Queen Liliuokalani

The last reigning queen of Hawaii, overthrown in 1893 by U.S.-backed forces, leading to Hawaii's annexation.

Muckrakers

Progressive-era journalists who exposed corruption, such as Upton Sinclair (The Jungle) and Ida Tarbell (The History of Standard Oil).

Australian/Secret Ballot, Direct Primaries, Initiative, Referendum, Recall

Progressive reforms aimed at reducing corruption and increasing voter participation in elections.

Jacob Coxey

A businessman and populist who led "Coxey's Army," a protest march to demand public works jobs during the Panic of 1893.

Coxey's Industrial Army

A group of unemployed workers who marched to Washington, D.C., in 1894, advocating for government job programs.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policy focused on consumer protection, corporate regulation, and conservation of natural resources.

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

A law requiring accurate labeling of food and medicines and banning harmful additives.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Established sanitary standards for meatpacking and government inspections, prompted by The Jungle.