14- Infections of the Urogenital System II

describe the shape of lepto

motile, tightly coiled spiral orgs w hooked ends (like a question mark)

describe lepto bacteria characterisitcs

-gram negative

-need darkfield

-sero and epi diverse w ove 250 serovars

where can lepto be found

ponds, rivers, moist soil and mud

pathogenic strains of lepto can persist where in the body?

renal tubules and genital tract of animals

where does lepto replicate?

ONLY in host!!!

describe lepto in the environment

-can survive a long time esp in moist places

-high temp and acidic pH of undiluted urine is detrimental

what favors growth for lepto?

common in late summer/early fall

ambient temp, neutral pH

what serves as the main sources of lepto infection?

carrier animals/rodents

describe direct transmission of lepto

contaminated urine

venereal or transplacental transfer

describe indirect lepto transmission

contaminated water

contaminated environment

what are maintenance hosts for lepto

hosts that become long term (asymptomatic) carriers and sources for transmission

rodents: icterohaemorrhagiae

cattle: hardjo

dogs: canicola

what are incidental hosts for lepto?

hosts that acquire infection from carriers leading to acute dz

dogs, cattle, human: icterohaemorrhagiae

human: canicola

how does lepto penetrate the body?

thru intact MM of mouth, eyes, nose

OR

scratched/water softened skin

where does lepto travel after penetrating thru the skin

-enters systemic circulation

-multiplies rapidly and spreads to many tissues like kidney tubular epithelium, spleen, genital tract, CNS

the extent of damage from lepto depends on?

the virulence of diff serovars and susceptibility of host species

what are the virulence factors of lepto?

adhesions (LipL32, LenA-F)

factor H-binding proteins

hemolysin

LPS

describe the transmission cycle of lepto

-bacteria shed in urine of carriers

-enter animals thru skin/MM

-humans infected thru contact with urine

in many places what does rainy season equate to?

lepto szn

what issues do temperate regions bring in relation to lepto?

-significant vet problem

-homeless people

-water sport outbreaks

10% of people experience Weil’s syndrome with severe lepto, describe it

jaundice

renal dysfunction

pulmonary hemorrhage

high fatality

most people who get lepto experience the milk anicteric phase, describe it

flu symptoms without yellowing of skin

describe the acute form of canine lepto

-affects puppies

-fever, blood stained feces, MM hemorrhage, epistaxis

-high mortality

describe the uremic type of canine lepto

-mainly affects kidneys

-anorexia, lethargy, pu/pd

-urine = glucose, protein, sediment

-oliguria, anuria, renal azotemia (most cases)

describe the icteric type of canine lepto

-peak signs 6-8 days post onset

-focal hepatic necrosis

-icterus, hypoalbuminemia

common signs of lepto on lungs

petechiae scattered thru-out

common signs of lepto on kidney

cortex has pale appearance consistent with nephritis

symptoms of lepto in cattle

-abortions

-replacement heifers can develop dz with pyrexia and agalactia (no milk prod)

tx / control of lepto in cattle

streptomycin / amoxi

monovalent and multivalent vacc

clinical signs of lepto in horses

-abortions and renal dz in young horses

-equine recurrent uveitis (moon blindness) which is persistent infection and molecular mimicry w lepto antigens with eye components

lepto hardjo: cattle, sheep, humans

abortions, still births, flu illness, kidney and liver dz

lepto bratislava: pig, horse, dogs

repro failure, abortions

lepto canicola: dogs

nephritis

lepto grippy: cattle, pigs, dogs

systemic dz in young animals, abortion

lepto ictero: cattle, sheep. pig

acute septicemia in young animals, abortions

lepto copenhageni: domestic animals and humans

peracute and acute dz, abortion in animals

lepto pomona: cattle, sheep

hemolytic dz in calves, lamb, abortions

lepto pomona: pigs

repro failure, septicemia in piglets le

lepto pomona: horses

abortions, ERU (moon blindness)

clinical path of lepto

urine: hematuria, pyuria, proteinuria, glucose

blood: increased BUN and creatinine (azotemia) in 90% of animals

describe bacterial cultures for lepto

-not routine

-can be isolated from blood in within 7-10 days but avoid citrate anticoagulant

-if 2 weeks after, alkalize urine and use mult samples w EMJH media

what is this

lepto in the liver impression smear of a dog

dx of lepto

-micro agglut test (MAT) is most common

-single high titer in unvacc dog = POSITIVE

-prefer to have rising titer w 4-fold inc

what is looked for on a PCR test for lepto?

qPCR (lipl32) from urine, blood, eye fluid, tissues

are there vaccines for lepto?

yes but cant distinguish between vaccine and infection

is there zoonotic risk for lepto?

YES SO BEWARE