MOngol

Mongol Rule in China

The period during which the Mongols governed China, particularly under the Yuan Dynasty.

Conquered Song Empire

The Mongols defeated the weakened Song Empire in 1279.

Dismantled Confucian Exam System

The Mongols abolished the traditional Confucian examination system for civil service.

Turkic Language in Government

The Mongols changed the official language of the government to Turkic.

Marriage and Language Restrictions

The Mongols forbade Chinese people from marrying Mongols or learning the Turkic language.

Yuan Dynasty

The dynasty established by the Mongols that unified and revitalized China.

Kublai Khan

The Mongol ruler who sought the Mandate of Heaven and governed China.

Talent from Other Lands

Kublai Khan brought skilled individuals from various regions to assist in governance.

Marco Polo

A Venetian merchant who served in Kublai Khan's court for 17 years.

Fair Tax System

The Mongols implemented a fair tax system for farmers and introduced paper currency.

Support for Buddhism

The Mongols supported Buddhism, and many converted to the faith.

Respect for Confucianism

Over time, the Mongols came to respect Confucian values and re-hired some Confucian scholars.

Social Freedom for Mongol Women

Mongol women experienced more social freedom, influencing the treatment of Chinese women.

Mongol Rule in Persia

The period during which the Mongols governed Persia after conquering the Abbasid Empire.

Destruction of Baghdad

The Mongols brutally destroyed Baghdad after the Abbasid Caliph refused to surrender.

Rebuilding Islamic Civilization

The Mongols rebuilt and respected Islamic culture and civilization.

Mongol Assimilation

Many Mongols married Persian women and assimilated into Persian culture.

Long-Distance Trade

The Mongols promoted trade connecting Persia to Central Asia and China.

Mongol Rule in Russia

The period during which the Mongols ruled over Russia as a tributary state.

Impact of Feudalism

The feudal structure in Russia made it difficult to resist Mongol conquest.

Tax Collection by Moscow

The Prince of Moscow gained power by collecting taxes for the Mongols.

Eastern Orthodox Church

The church continued to thrive under Mongol rule in Russia.

Cultural Influences in Russia

Russia adopted various Asian cultural influences during Mongol rule.

Genghis Khan

The founder of the Mongol Empire who unified the tribes and established a code of conduct.

Pax Mongolica

A period of peace and stability across Eurasia under Mongol rule.

Silk Road Protection

The Mongols provided physical protection for trade along the Silk Road.

Caravanserais

Rest stops established by the Mongols for travelers along trade routes.

Mongol Yam System

A messenger and postal system that connected different parts of Eurasia.

Karakorum

The capital of the Mongol Empire established in 1220, serving as a center for governance and trade.

Dignitaries at Karakorum

Notable figures, including European diplomats, visited the Mongol capital to engage with the Great Khan.