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Socrates

“An unexamined life if not worth living.”

Socrates

Know thyself

o The highest form of human excellence is to

question oneself and others

Socrates

Essentially, the worst thing that can happen to

anyone is to “live but die inside”.

Socrates

“Self if synonymous with the soul”

Socrates

Two (2) Realms:

o Physical – changeable, transient, and imperfect

(body)

o Ideal – unchanging, eternal, and immortal (soul)

Socrates

The soul strives for wisdom and perfection and

reason is the soul’s tool to achieve this exalted

state.

Socrates

Knowledge and Belief

o He went on to say that many people believe things that are not true. As a result, Socrates distinguished between knowledge and belief.

o The former is always and universally true, whereas the latter is only true under certain condition

Socrates

define soul as the thinking and willing subject. It is assumed that the soul is the intellectual and moral personality of the human person.

Socrates

“To think and will is the essence of the human

person” – the soul is the person’s true self

Socrates

We need to take care of our souls in order to attain

good life, by being wise and virtuous

Socrates

“To know is to know oneself”

Plato

supported the idea that a person has two parts:

body and soul

Plato

the soul is separate from the body and is eternal. According to him, the soul lives in the body and when the body dies, the soul moves to another body.

Plato

“Human behavior flows from three main sources:

desire, emotion, and knowledge.”

Plato

Vision of the Soul (Theory of Forms)

o World of Forms – nonphysical ideas

(permanent)

o World of Sense – reality (temporary)

Plato

built on this idea when he said that the body

is the prison of the soul.

Plato

Philosophy is a process of self-knowledge and

purification of the soul

Plato

He is the author of “The Republic” and this book

emphasizes that justice in the human person can

only be attained if the three parts of the soul are

working harmoniously with one another.

Plato

Three (3) Parts of Self

St. Augustine

St. Augustine

The physical body is radically different from and

inferior to its inhabitant, the immortal soul

St. Augustine

Regarded as saint (St. Augustine of Hippo) in the

Catholic church

St. Augustine

African Philosopher

St. Augustine

“The self has an immortal soul.”

St. Augustine

Body is a spouse of the soul, both attached to

one another by a natural appetite.

St. Augustine

One person is made up of one body and one soul

St. Augustine

like Plato, believed that the

soul is immortal.

St. Augustine

However, he believed that a person is made up

of both the soul and the body.

St. Augustine

He does not believe that the soul moves from one

body to another. Instead, one person is made up

of one body and soul.

St. Augustine

The soul, on the other hand, “can achieve

immortality be remaining after death in an eternal

realm with the transcendent God”.

St. Augustine

Everyone’s goal should be to achieve this spiritual

union with God by living a good life

St. Augustine

- “Memento mori” – remember death

Rene Descartes

We exist because we think, and we think

because we exist.

Rene Descartes

He said that the only thing that can’t be

questioned is the existence of the self, since it is

man who questions things in the first place.

Rene Descartes

The act of thinking about the self, of being self-

conscious, is in itself proof that there is self.

Rene Descartes

Cogito ergo Sum

Rene Descartes

He wants to penetrate the nature of reasoning

process and understand its relationship to the

human self

Rene Descartes

“I think therefore I am.”

Rene Descartes

Father of Modern Philosophy

Rene Descartes

In the Second Meditation, he explored the idea

that he is “nothing but thinking thing that

doubts, understands, affirm, denies, is

willing, is unwilling, and also images and has

sensory perceptions.”

Rene Descartes

The concept of dualism holds that reality or

existence is divided into two parts: (1) the mind

and (2) the body.

Rene Descartes

The mind is a part of the unseen creation, and the

body is just a part of the mind

Rene Descartes

Don’t always trust your senses because sometimes

they can be misleading.

Rene Descartes

When you open a person’s head, you can use

your senses to learn about the brain, but you can

never learn about the mind.

Rene Descartes

Two Dimensions of Self

o Thinking Self (Soul) – non-material, immortal,

conscious being, independent of the physical law

of the universe

o The Self as a Physical Body – material, mortal,

non-thinking, and fully governed by physical law

of nature

John Locke

He believed in the view that our identity is

inextricably related to our consciousness, which

he defined as a man’s awareness of the activities

that take place within his own mind.

John Locke

The human mind at birth is Tabula Rasa or blank

slate

John Locke

Self or personal identity is constructed primarily

from a sense of experiences – or more

specifically what people see, hear, smell, taste,

and feel.

John Locke

Conscious awareness and memory of previous

experiences are the keys to understanding the

self

John Locke

He believed in the view that our identity is

inextricably related to our consciousness, which

he defined as a man’s awareness of the activities

that take place within his own mind.

John Locke

Our memories are the source of our identity

John Locke

The fact that we have a physical does not, in_____ view, determine who we are. Our memories are unaffected by physical changes, such as age, height, hair loss, blindness, or facial rejuvenation. Therefore,_____ concludes that our memories are the source of our identity.

David Hume

In his essay Concerning Human Understanding, how we feel about ourselves is determined by how our minds combine impressions and interpret them.

David Hume

distinguished between impressions, which are everything that comes from our senses and ideas, which are simply projections of thinking and reasoning based on impressions.

David Hume

He believes that we can only know what we know

based on our physical experiences, using our

senses.

David Hume

He was a firm believer in empiricism – hold all

knowledge stems from what people can perceive.

David Hume

“There is no self.”

David Hume

Sense of self is nothing more than a collection of

physical impressions

David Hume

According to his Bundle Theory, the only real

parts of an object are those that we can feel.

David Hume

stated that removing all a person’s

physical characteristics removed the idea of that

person. So, our sense of self is simply the sum of

all our impressions, which when removed, leaves

us with no sense of self at all.

Immanuel Kant

“We construct the self.”

Immanuel Kant

In the midst of a fierce discussion on self-knowledge and perception between empiricism (knowledge is acquired by the senses) and rationalism (reason is the foundation of all knowledge, rather than experience) was ___, who believed that human consciousness consists of an inner and an outer self.

Immanuel Kant

Outer & Inner Self

Immanuel Kant

The inner self is comprised of our psychological state and our rational intellect

Immanuel Kant

The outer self includes our senses and the physical world

Immanuel Kant

claimed representation, which is mental imagery based on past sensations and experiences, happens through our senses as a piece of the outer self.

Gilbert Ryle

“The self is the way people behave.”

Gilbert Ryle

our sense of self is not derived from the mind or the body, but rather from our behavior in our daily activities.

Gilbert Ryle

Argued that the mind does not exist and hence, cannot be the seat of the self.

Gilbert Ryle

Those who believe the mind exists independently from the body, according to

____, make a category mistake, which is logical fallacy in which one category of something is presented as belonging to a different category

Gilbert Ryle

Our behaviors and deeds are what give us a feeling of self, according to ____, who dismantles the dichotomy between the mind and the body.

Gilbert Ryle

“I act therefore I am”

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

We shouldn’t think of the mind and body as separate things, but that they are intrinsically linked.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

assumed that the mind was the place where our consciousness lived.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Subjectivity is a thing that was made. It’s defined as a real thing that can do real things and have real effects. In short, it does exist. He said, though, that this idea goes against both rationalism and empiricism.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

He considered that the body was a key part of the subjective self.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

“The self is embodied subjectivity”

ARISTOTLE

“The soul is the essence of the self.”

ARISTOTLE

Greek philosopher and scientist.

ARISTOTLE

Towering figure in science and math.

ARISTOTLE

Anything with life has a soul.

ARISTOTLE

3 kinds of soul

PLATO

Greek philosopher who founded the Academy of

Athens.

SOCRATES

Greek philosopher

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS

Italian Dominican friar and doctor of the church.

DAVID HUME

Scottish philosopher, historian, and economist.

 One can only know what comes from the

IMMANUEL KANT

Greek philosopher. (2)

IMMANUEL KANT

Self constructs its own reality and is a product of

reason.

IMMANUEL KANT

Metaphysics and Epistemology.

SOREN KIERKEGAARD

“Life is a reality to be experienced.”

SOREN KIERKEGAARD

Danish theologian, poet, religious author.

SOREN KIERKEGAARD

First existentialist philosopher.

SOREN KIERKEGAARD

Subjective truth is based on a person’s belief,

perception, and opinions.

SOREN KIERKEGAARD

Humans have their own meaning in life and make

rational decisions in an irrational world.

GEORGE WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL

“The rational alone is real.”

GEORGE WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL

All realities can be explained in a rational reason.

GEORGE WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL

Dialectic scheme that emphasized the progress of

history and ideas.

GEORGE WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL

German philosopher.

KARL MARX

“Social alienation is connected to social classes.”

KARL MARX