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Apparent Solar Time
Based on the apparent location of the sun; the least accurate timing measure.
Quartz Oscillators
Resonating tuned voltage through a crystal; affected by temperature and age, requiring periodic calibration.
Atomic Oscillators
Use atom molecules to release radiation for timing; not impacted by age or temperature.
Cesium Standard
Atomic resonance at 9.192 GHz; highly stable with a drift of only 200 nanoseconds in 24 hours. Primary frequency standard, more accurate than rubidium
Rubidium Standard
Gas cell with resonance of 6.834 GHz; drifts approximately 1 microsecond every 24 hours. Second Frequency standard
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Provides timing standard by collecting data from satellites, offering timing more accurate with more satellites. Designed to provide FOUR satellite visiblity from anywhere in the world
Plesiochronous
Does not require synchronization between nodes; provides highly stable clocks at each station.
Mutual Synchronization
Requires all network nodes to have their own clocks; adjusts as nodes disconnect and connect.
Master Clock
One master station distributes timing to all others; a single point of failure.
Master-Slave
Most reliable technique; one master station distributes signals to subordinate nodes, expected to have backup clocks.
