History 7th Grade MA Chapter 13

Age of Reform

give 3 general examples of push factors for emigration.

famine( food shortage ), religious prosecution ( being punished for your own beliefs), and political unrest ( protest and ppl feeling unsafe.)

give a specific example of a pull factor for immigration between 1840-1879

economic opportunities, the U.S was growing rapidly, with many jobs to offer, religious freedom, and democratic ideals ( freedom )

list pros and cons of traveling "steerage class"

pros - cheap, cons - small, dark, smelly, rat infested, crowded, lice, and ppl, getting sick.

list a push and pull factor for Irish immigrants.

push- potato famine, crop failure and since potatos were basically all they ate it led to starvation for many. And poverty. Pull- food and jobs, land opportunities, freedom and a fresh start.

How did German immigrants differ from most other immigrants?

in terms of religion, most were protestant. in terms of social class, they had money but weren't rich nor poor so about middle class ( mid class wasn't a thing back then ). And on where they settled, farm lands between Nebraska and Minnesota.

( LEGAL IMMIGRATION ) What were some reasons why some Americans formed prejudices ( assuming something bad abt someone by their looks) against LEGAL immigrants?

Many feared immigrants would take away their jobs or work for lower wages. Another reason was religious differences, most Americans were protestant, and most immigrants were Catholics, causing fear and suspicion. racism as well as fear of immigrants bringing radical political ideas, and overcrowding cities

what group took the brunt, (experienced the worst part of something) of anti-Catholic sentiments? or in other words who was most targeted or treated badly bcs of anti-Catholics attitudes?

Irish immigrants

why is the term " nativist " ironic?

because Nativist sounds like it refers to native Americans, who originally owned the land, but nativist were usually white Americans

by 1860, what controversy eventually trumped (outdo something) immigration in the eyes of the Know-Nothing Party?

slavery become a more important issue than immigration, sort of making people forget about LEGAL immigration.

when was the second great awakening?

1790s

what 2 protestant denominations developed during this time?

Methodist and Baptists

produce 4 motivations behind the temperance movement:

1. religious beliefs, lots of ppl especially from the 2nd great awakening thought alcohol was a sin. 2. social problems, alcohol was blamed for causes poverty, crime etc.3. protecting women and kids, women were victims of alcoholic abusive husbands and wanted to make a safe home for their kids. 4.workplace safety, drunkenness affected workers performance, employers wanted better workers

describe Horace Manns contributions to education

He made free public schools for all children regardless their background, he trained teachers to their best, he extended the school year, and he helped make ppl believe education was important.

describe Dorothea Dix'x contribution to mental health and prison reform;

after seeing mentally ill ppl shivering she exposed the cruel treatment towards them, she fought for mental hospitals and convinced them ( or tried to ) make them believe the ill needed actual medical care. she reported overcrowded conditions and poor conditions, and she separated the kids from the violent ones.

describe working conditions in early factories:

long hours, usually 10-14 hours, low wages especially for women & kids, unsafe conditions, child labor, & no workers rights

do you think the constant flow of unskilled immigrant labour to northeastern factories benefited factory owners or workers more? explain :

factory owners, immigrants were willing to work for low wages, lots of ppl ready to take someones jobs aswell. so if someone quit they could be replaced. and less pressure to improve conditions, since many ppl needed jobs they had no incentive to raise wages or improve working conditions.

what's the main "weapon" of labour unions? and why was it so effective?:

the main weapon was the strike, which is when workers refuse to work till their demands are met. it was so effective bcs it stopped factory production, so it hurt the owners in a $$$ way. the loss of profits forced them to listen to workers,

what did radical abolitionist like William Lloyd Garrison call for?

immediate emancipation, basically wanted the total end of slavery NOW. he wanted equal rights for all types of ppl.

who was Garrisons publication?

the liberator, it was an anti-slavery newspaper he started in 1831

how'd the work of David Walker lead up to censorship?

David Walker was a free African American who wrote abt anti-slavery. It lead to censorship bcs of 1, southern fear. Slaveholders feared the pamphlet would inspire their slaves. It got banned in the south, and southern postmasters searched the mail and destroyed the abolitionists materials.

what was the underground railroad?

A secret network with routes for escaping slaves, conductors helped guide escapes.

Tubman received help from what religious group?

The quackers

How many slaves escaped via the Underground Railroad?

100,000 people.

what was Tubmans codename?

Moses.

what other goals made up the women rights movement besides suffrage?

equal education opportunities for women, property rights. Married women wanted the right to keep their own property and belongings. Equal pay and job opportunities, legal equality, basically women wanted more control over custody, rights to sign contracts etc.

describe Stantons and Motts roles in the women's rights movement including the meeting and publication they're credited with.

together they organized the Seneca Falls Convention in New York, the 1st women's rights convention in the U.S, Stanton was the main author of the declaration of sentiments which was a document stating " all men and women are equal". Their work sparked the women's rights movement and inspired future generations like Susan. B Anthony.

produce 3 actions of Susan B. Anthony, either by herself or in a tandem( meaning together at the same time) with Stanton.

1. formed the National Woman Suffrage Association ( NWSA). In 1869 Susan and Stanton founded the NWSA to fight for women being able to vote. Together they launched a newspaper called " The Revolution" which focused on women's rights and equal pay. Lastly Susan by herself voted illegally in 1872. She was arrested and fined but used the trial to speak out for women's rights.

Blight

A fungus or an insect that causes plants to dry up and die

domestic service

housework in another person's home, performed as a job

emigrate

To move away from a country in order to live in another

Immigrate

To permanently move to another country

Know-Nothing Party

A political party performed in the 1850s to oppose immigration, also called the American Party

Nativist

a person who believes native-born people should be favored more than immigrants

Prejudice

A broad judgement about a group of people not based on reason or fact

Push-Pull Factor

A reason might immigrate such as lack of economic opportunity or freedom in one country and the promise of a better life in another

Steerage

The inferior section of a ship having passengers who pay the lowest for the journey

Asylum

A hospital dedicated to the mentally ill

Common School Movement

an educational reform movement in the 1830s that promoted free public schools funded by property taxes and managed by local governments

Evangelize

To spread one's religious beliefs through public speaking and personal witness

Labor union

A voluntary association of workers that uses its power to negotiate better working conditions

Second Great Awakening

An American Protestant movement based on revival meetings and a diet and emotional relationship with God

temperature movement

A 19th century from movement that encouraged the reduction or elimination of alcoholic beverage consumption

Abolition

A person who wants to end slavery

Emancipation

The ending of slavery

Seneca Falls Convention

An 1848 women's rights convention organized by Elizabeth Candy Stanton and Lucretia Mott in Seneca Falls, New York

Suffrage

The right to vote

Underground Railroad

A network of people who worked together to help African Americans escape form slavers from the southern U.S. to the northern U.S. or to Canada before the civil war

Charles Finley

held the first of many religious revivals during the second Great Awakening

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

Sarah bagley

organized the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in the 1849s. The group petitoned for the state legislature that there was a 10 hours workday

William Loyd Garrison

important abolitionist leader who founded abolitionist newspaper, the Liberator; cofounded the New England Antislavery Society

David Welker

an audaciously outspoken Black American activist who demanded the immediate end of slavery in the new nation

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

Stanton and Mott

Influential women's rights movement leaders who organized the Seneca Falls convention to reform property and divorce laws

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.