Oxygenation

These flashcards cover key concepts and vocabulary related to oxygenation and respiratory physiology, crucial for understanding patient assessments and care in nursing.

Respiratory physiology

The study of the structure and function of the respiratory system.

Work of breathing

The effort required to expand and contract the lungs during breathing.

Lung volumes

Measurements of the amounts of air that the lungs can hold.

Pulmonary circulation

The passage of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart.

Oxygen transport

The method by which oxygen is carried from the lungs to the tissues.

Carbon dioxide transport

The elimination of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Regulation of ventilation

The process by which the respiratory system adjusts the rate and depth of breathing.

Myocardial pump

The heart's ability to pump blood effectively.

Coronary artery circulation

Blood flow to the heart muscle through the coronary arteries.

Systemic circulation

The flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back.

Hypovolemia

A decrease in blood volume, which can affect oxygenation.

Decreased inspired oxygen concentration

A reduction in the amount of oxygen available in the air that is inhaled.

Increased metabolic rate

An elevation in the body's energy demand, affecting oxygen use.

Hypoventilation

Inadequate ventilation that fails to meet the body's oxygen needs.

Hyperventilation

Excessive ventilation that removes carbon dioxide faster than produced.

Hypoxia

A state of insufficient oxygen supply to the tissues.

Ineffective airway clearance

Inability to maintain a clear airway due to obstruction or accumulation of secretions.

Pursed-lip breathing

A breathing technique that helps improve ventilation and oxygenation.

Diaphragmatic breathing

Breathing that involves the diaphragm to increase lung capacity.

Saturation (SpO2)

A measure of the amount of oxygen in the blood.

Chest physiotherapy

Therapies aimed at improving lung function and clearing secretions.

Nebulization

The process of administering medication in the form of a mist.

Oxygen therapy

Supplemental oxygen provided to patients to improve oxygenation.

Airway maintenance

Ensuring an open airway for effective ventilation.

Suctioning techniques

Methods used to remove secretions from the airway.

Incentive spirometry

A device used to encourage deep breathing and improve lung function.

Ambulation

The act of walking to promote lung expansion and function.

Hydration

Maintaining adequate fluid levels to assist in respiratory function.

Lung sounds

Audible sounds that indicate the state of respiratory function.

Patient autonomy

Respecting a patient's right to make their own healthcare decisions.

Health promotion activities

Lifestyle changes aimed at improving overall health and preventing disease.

Risk factors

Attributes or conditions that increase an individual's chance of developing a disease.

Diagnostic tests

Tests used to determine the cause of respiratory issues.

Assessment techniques

Methods used to evaluate a patient's respiratory status.

Evaluation strategies

Methods to measure the effectiveness of nursing interventions.

A nurse is reviewing the primary function of _ Pulmonary circulation. Which of the following is the most accurate description?
A. The passage of blood from the left side of the heart to the lungs and back to the right side of the heart.
B. The passage of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart.
C. The flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back.
D. The movement of blood through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle.

B. The passage of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart.

A patient is experiencing _ Hypoventilation. The nurse understands that this condition primarily indicates:
A. Excessive ventilation that removes carbon dioxide faster than produced.
B. Adequate ventilation meeting the body's oxygen needs.
C. Inadequate ventilation that fails to meet the body's oxygen needs.
D. An elevated demand for oxygen due to increased metabolic rate.

C. Inadequate ventilation that fails to meet the body's oxygen needs.

A nurse is educating a patient on _ Pursed-lip breathing to improve ventilation and oxygenation. Which instruction is key to this technique?
A. Inhale quickly through the mouth, then exhale forcefully through pursed lips.
B. Inhale slowly through the nose, then exhale slowly through pursed lips, making exhalation longer than inhalation.
C. Take deep breaths using only the chest muscles.
D. Hold breath for 10 seconds after a deep inhalation.

B. Inhale slowly through the nose, then exhale slowly through pursed lips, making exhalation longer than inhalation.

A patient presents with crackles and rhonchi, indicating an inability to clear secretions from the airway. The most appropriate nursing diagnosis for this situation is:
A. Impaired gas exchange.
B. Ineffective breathing pattern.
C. Ineffective airway clearance.
D. Decreased cardiac output.

C. Ineffective airway clearance.

How is most _ Oxygen transport in the blood to the body's tissues typically achieved?
A. Dissolved directly in the plasma.
B. Bound to plasma proteins like albumin.
C. Primarily bound to hemoglobin within red blood cells.
D. Carried as bicarbonate ions.

C. Primarily bound to hemoglobin within red blood cells.

A nurse is caring for a patient experiencing _ Hypoxia. Which of the following is the most immediate priority nursing intervention to address this condition?
A. Administering a prescribed bronchodilator.
B. Elevating the head of the bed to promote lung expansion.
C. Initiating supplemental oxygen therapy as ordered.
D. Performing chest physiotherapy to clear secretions.

C. Initiating supplemental oxygen therapy as ordered.

A patient who has experienced significant fluid loss due to hemorrhage is at risk for _ Hypovolemia. The nurse understands that this condition can lead to impaired oxygenation primarily due to:
A. An increase in the metabolic rate.
B. A decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity of individual red blood cells.
C. Reduced circulating blood volume leading to decreased cardiac output and oxygen delivery.
D. Excessive pulmonary vasoconstriction.

C. Reduced circulating blood volume leading to decreased cardiac output and oxygen delivery.

The nurse is teaching a postoperative patient about using an _ Incentive spirometry. Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further education?
A. "I should breathe in slowly and deeply through the mouthpiece."
B. "I need to hold my breath for a few seconds after inhaling."
C. "I should exhale forcefully into the spirometer to move the indicator."
D. "This device helps to prevent lung complications like atelectasis."

C. "I should exhale forcefully into the spirometer to move the indicator."

Which factor is a common cause of _ Increased metabolic rate, thereby increasing the body's demand for oxygen?
A. Prolonged rest and sleep.
B. Hypothermia.
C. Fever.
D. Strict calorie restriction.

C. Fever.

The primary chemoreceptors involved in the _ Regulation of ventilation are most sensitive to changes in which of the following?
A. Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2).
B. Blood pH and carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}2$) levels. C. Peripheral oxygen partial pressure ($\text{PaO}2$).
D. Blood glucose levels.

B. Blood pH and carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) levels.