Unit 3 - Learning Process and Culture

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1: Learning 2: Thinking and Language 3: Personality 4: Culture and Society

51 Terms

1

conditioning

the process of training influencing one’s mind so that they say/do a particular thing without thinking about it

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2

stimuli

something that evokes a specific action

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3

classical conditioning

one stimulus leads to a direct response, which leads to another stimulus (Pavlov’s dog)

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4

Pavlov’s dog (Ivan Pavlov)

thought of food > mouth watering > actual food

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5

unconditioned stimulus (US)

an untrained “cause” (food > salivation)

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6

unconditioned response (UR)

an untrained reaction (salivation because of food)

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7

conditioned stimulus (CS)

a trained “cause” (ring of bell)

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8

conditioned response (CR)

a trained reaction (salivating because of ringing of bell)

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9

The Little Albert Experiment

When a child was allowed to play with a white rat, he showed no fear. He did show fear when a steel bar was struck behind his back. When the psychologist paired the rat with a loud noise, the child cried. Soon afterwards, when the rat was presented but no noise sounded, he cried. The child also showed fear when presented with a similar stimuli (anything small, white, and fuzzy), showing that stimulus generalisation had occurred.

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10

counterconditioning

a pleasant stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fearful one, counteracting the fear (trying to re-condition Little Albert to NOT be afraid of the rabbit)

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11

operant conditioning

learn to do or not to do through reinforcement and punishment (primary and secondary reinforcers/punishments)

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12

positive reinforcers

adding something to continue a behavior

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13

negative reinforcers

taking something away to continue a behavior

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14

positive punishment

adding something to stop a behavior

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15

negative punishment

taking something away to stop a behavior

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16

latent learning

hidden learning, comes out when needed (cognitive map) (fight or flight)

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17

observational learning

based on what actions/behaviors that are observed (social learning theory “monkey see, monkey do”)

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18

language acquisition device (LAD)

a theory that suggests humans have an innate ability to learn or acquire language

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19

to spread and improve relations

Why is language important?

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20

trait approach

individuals personality traits are fixed from early learning

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21

surface traits

personality elements can be directly observed (first impressions)

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22

source traits

underlying/base personality traits (true personality, in-depth investigation)

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23

psychoanalytic approach

a theory that argues our personality is greatly influenced by our unconscious/subconscious thought (driven by internal conflict)

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24

ID

the part of your personality that demands instant gratification (devil)

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25

superego

the part of your personality that has abstract thinking, and demands a higher level of morality (angel) (the part that you WANT people to see)

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26

ego

the balance/compromise of the true you (angel and devil)

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27

defense mechanisms

where the ego comes up with excuses for the ID winning over to make themselves feel better

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28

repressions

where the ego pushes down the unpleasant emotion that the ID provides to avoid said unpleasant emtion (rationalization)

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29

inferiority complex

the ego will create defense mechanisms due to a sense of feeling lesser leading to the ID winning more often

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30

sociocultural approach

individuals personality is shaped by the culture and society around them

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31

norm

the typical established standard that society believes individuals should follow in everyday life

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32

folkways

expected behavior but without much (if any) reaction from society if broken (cursing in public)

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33

mores

have great moral significance, but not law (Kaepernick)

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34

taboo

typically actions or items of such high social significance that could lead to legal action (family relations)

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35

laws

similar to mores (socially unacceptable) but they’re enforced by individuals of authority (stealing)

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36

social sanctions

motivators/incentives to get people in continue following or to stop breaking social norms

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37

formal sanction

a sanction implemented by a person of authority (speeding = ticket from COP)

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38

informal sanction

a sanction implemented by a person of equal or lower societal status (yelling at someone during a movie)

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39

values

a concept/ideal that is seen as important to a majority of society

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40

cherishing things/concepts more or less

What influences human behavior?

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41

material culture

tangible things that have great value to a specific culture

(American Flag, Bald Eagle, Statue of Liberty)

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42

non material culture

non tangible things that have great value to a specific culture (religion, freedom, ideas)

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43

universals

things that are known throughout majority or maybe even the entire world

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44

particulars

things that are known to a specific area/culture

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45

ideal culture

desired culture/behavior of the society → Setting high standards → society seeks a Utopia (having perfect attendance in an entire school)

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46

real culture

true and expected culture/behavior of the society (what the actual attendance in a school is)

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47

cultural diffusion

the spreading out of culture (can lead the mixing of cultures into another)

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48

counterculture

a group of people who purposefully attempt to go against the social norm

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49

ethnocentrism

 the act of judging another culture based on the values and standards of one's own culture, but not doing anything about it (silently judging)

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50

culture shock

the struggle/incapability to adapt or adjust to new social norms due to shock/surprise

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51

1: Ego

2: ID

3: Superego

Label the iceberg

<p>Label the iceberg</p>
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