Zoology Slides

Protozoa

animal-like features, no cell wall, have at least one motile stage in life cycle, most ingest food

Protozoa were historically placed in one phylum, but that placement is incorrect. True or False

True

Choanoflagellate

Sister to all animals

Autotrophic organisms

synthesize their own organic molecules. e.g, phtosysntehsis

Heterotrophic organisms

in addition to making organic molecules, need to consume nutrients from external sources

Mixtotrophic organisms

Do heterotrophic and autotrophic processes alike (both)

True or False: Amoebas are most closely related to animals.

True

A flagella and cilia allow organisms to do what?

Move or propel themselves through their environment.

Pseudopodia

Temporary projections allowing protozoans to crawl through the environments.

What are the different parts of animal cells?

Nucleus, golgi aparatus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic recticulum, smooth er, cell membrane and vacuoles etc.

What is Phagocytosis?

Process by which food particles brought into cell: the invagination of plasma membrane surrounds food particle

Food vacuole

food particle contained in membrane-bound vesicle

Once a food particle enters a cell, they are transported to the ____________ organelle in the cell. He contains digestive enzymes to digest the food.

Lysosomes

Contractile Vacuoles are associated w/

osmoregulation

Excretion of metabolic wastes is associated w/…..

Diffusion. e.g, Ammonia

When we digest proteins, we produce ammonia. True or false?

True

Our kidneys help us to maintain ________ balance in your body

water balance

Sexual Reproduction

Procreation where

Asexual Reporductions via Binary Fission

You take one cell and you split it into two. You get a genetically identical daughter cells( aka clones)

Jellyfish switch between __________ and ______ reproduction during their life cycle.

sexual; asexual

Facultative Parthenogenesis

A sexual reproduction in animals that normally reproduce sexually

Cyst

dormant form of an organism, resistant external coverings and shutdown of metabolism

Encystment

The entering of a cyst state by an organism

excystment

When an organism exits a cyst state.

Is hibernation a type of cyst?

No, cyst states occur within Unicellular Eukaryotes. Hibernation occurs in animals.

Endosymbiotic Theory of

Brain-Eating Amoeba

Nearly Entirely Fatal

There are 3 more animal-like clades.

Excavata, Chromalveolata and unikonta.

Unikonta

Includes unicellular and multicellular heterotrophs; includes choanoflagellates and animals

Within Unikonta, there are two phylum. What are they

Amoebazoans and Opisthokonta

Opisthokonta

animals, fungi and unicellular taxa

Origin of Multicellularity

Have only one cell to do all your processes, digestion, respiration etc or a Jack of all trades. That would increase your cell size, but increasing cell size is not practical. So multicellularity allows cells to do one job and specialize, while using less energy.

With more surface area, you maximize the diffusion of _________ in your body.

Nutrients

Multicellularity means that

you have plenty of surface area for metabolic processes.

Choanoflagellates

sister taxon to all animals (metazoans). They are colonial organism( multiple cells that have

meta means

multi

To be multicelullar, you need to have

multicellularity

Portuguese Manawar

Is a multicellular organism with cellular specialization that looks like a Jellyfish

Benefits of Multicellularity

Large size, more resistance

Cyte

cell.

What is an example of homology between animal cells and choanoflagellates?

Cell-to-cell signaling of Choanoflagellates are similar to proteins used by animals.

What is Phylum Porifera’s synapamorphy?

Sack-like bodies w/ pores and canals.

Phylum Porifera

are filter-feeders and are sessile adults and motile embryos

How does Phylum Porifera Feed?

Feed by collecting suspended particles from H2O pumped through internal canal systems

Sister Taxa

Two species that share the most common recent ancestor

Colonial Organisms

Need to live together, and all the cells do the same job

For Multicellular Organisms, They need to have cell specialization and cell ___________

differentiation.

Synapomorphy

Shared derived characteristic of the spcific clade

Choanocytes of sponges are very similar to ____________. And what is there purpose?

choanoflagellates. They help w/ water flow and movement of food particles.

What are spicules?

Rigid; they are the structural components that make up the body of sponges. Think of them as skeletal structures for sponges

Pylum Porifera: How do they feed?

They filter feed. Water enters through pores( dermal ostia) in outer layer of cells (=pinacoderm). Food particles are filtered out of the water by (choanocytes).

Porocytes all sponoges to close the pores that allow water in. True or false?

True

By having more canals (maximizing its surface area), sponges are able to hold more choanocytes, which allow them to filter-in. More Choanocytes, better _________

food particles better; filtration

Spongin

is a connective tissue for sponges

What are the different body types of Phylum Porifera(Sponges)?

Ascon/Asconoid, Leucon/Leuconoid and Sycon/Syconoid;

How are the different body types of Phylum Porifera(Sponges) different?

ascon types are smaller due to the fact that they have fewer canals, sycon types can get bigger because they are more convoluted, leucon types have a maximum surface area, given them the maximum nutrition

Mesohyl, Choanocytes

gelatinous connective tissue; draw food into the sponge

Amoebocytes(Archaeocytes)

Mobile cells, can change into any cell, carry food to other cells

Pinacocytes

Cells of pinacoderm, contractile - Regulate SA(Surface Area) + Water

Collencyte

produce collagen and help form spicules

How does asexual reproduction occur in Sponges( Phylum Porifera)? How do they do sexual reproduction?

bud formation; monoecious (Hermaphrodite) or can be giving birth and living w/n the body of the mother (viviparous)

Viviparity vs Ovaparity

Vivi - means live, ova- means eggs

Name the Taxonomy of Phylum Porifera. There are 4

4 classes: Calcispongiae, Hexactinellida, Demospongiae and homoscleromorpha

Bifurcation

the splitting into two of a clade, leading to two sister taxa

Phylum Porifera: What trait characterizes Calcispongia? Homoscleromorpha?

spicules of calcium carbonate; small or absent spicule

Phylum Porifera Sister Taxa

phylum Porifera: What trait characterizes Hexactinellida? Demospongiae?

six-rayed siliceous spicules; have siliceous spicules, but not six rayed

What are the two sister taxa groups in Phylum Porifera

Sister Taxa 1: Homoscleromorpha and Calcispongiae, Sister Taxa 2: Demospongiae and Hexactinellid

Phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora: Diploblastic? Diploblasts have a new stage in development called gastrulatiom.

2 embryonic cell layers from which adult structures develop; produces cell layers of adults

Phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora: Diploblasts display radial or biradial symmetry. What is radial symmetry? Biradial symmetry?

The same symmetry regardless of what way they are cut; can only be cut from top to bottom to have identical pieces.

Phylum Cnidaria: Where does the name come from? What are cnidocytes?

There is a synapomorphy of cnidarians called cnidocytes; stinging cells of the Cnidarian

Cnidaria: Polyps vs Medusae? Sone cnidarians spend part of life as ______ and part of their life as medusa.

Polyps have a hydroid form and sessile, whereas Medusae have a jellyfish form and is free-floating or swimming; polyps

Phyla Cnidaria: Medusa have statocysts and ocelli. What do statocysts do? What does ocelli do?

sensory structures for orientation; serves for light reception

Typical Dimorphic Life Cycle: A poly produced a medusa by means of _____ reproduction by budding off a clone of itself. Then, through _____ reproduction forming a zygote, which develops into a motile planula larva to then become a _____.

asexual; sexual; polyp

What is the benefit of the Dimorphic Life Cycle? The Polyp is associated with the asexual section of the cnidarian life cycle and the medusa is the _____ portion of the life cycle.

organisms capitalized on both open water and bottom environments and it cuts down on intraspecies competition; sexual

Cnidarian: Epidermis? Gastrodermis? Mesoglea?

derived from ectoderm and contains cnidocytes; derived from endoderm, lines gut cavity for digestion ; between the epidermis and gastrodermis

Phylum Cnidaria are mostly —-nivorous? They have gland cells. What do they do? Where does intracellular digestion occur?

carnivorous, gland cells discharge enzymes and begin extracellular digestion; in the gastrodermis

Salivary amylase breaks down food on your tongue with digestive enyzmes even before you chew your food. That’s why it tastes sweeter after a minutre, because your tongue is breaking the food down into simpler components, and simpler carbs taste sweet. True or False?

True

Phylum Cnidaria: Nervous system: What is the Diffuse Nervous System? What is a nerve net?

nerve cells at base of epidermis and gastrodermis, interconnected into a nerve net with nerve ring around mouth; process stimuli from all directions

Phylum Cnidaria: What are the four classes of Phylum Cnidaria that we need to know? Phylotomy?

Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa and Anthozoa; a point from which two or more new branches emerge

Phylum Cnidaria: What is Class Hydrozoa? THey include polyps and _____ and what does that ______- do??

mostly marine and colonial, asexual polyp and sexual medusa; Zooids who feed the colony

What characterizes class Scyphozoa?

includes more large jellies, most dift/swim in open sea, no velum on medusae, margin of bell w/ indentations, strobilation. Lappets (lobes) flanking indentations, sense organ between lappets (rhopalium), 4 oral arms to catch/ingest prey,

Diploblastic organisms have 2 embryonic layers which are…? THe ectodermis is adult animals becomes the ______.

Ectoderm and endoderm; skin

What type of symmetry do these different groups have: Porifera, diploblasts and Triploblasts

Porifera has no symmetry, diploblasts has radial symmetry and triploblasts

Phylum Cnidaria: Class Cubozoa. What are their synapomorphies?

polyp inconspicuous or unknown, bells square, tentacles(s) at each corner

Phylum Cnidaria: Class Anthozoa synapomorphies?

no medusa, only polyp, gut w/ septa(walls

Coral Reef has an obligate symbiotic relationship with a cyanobacterium, which give them their ____

color

Phylum Ctenophora Synapomorphies

8 rows of comb-like plates of cilia (ctenes) used for locomotion, 2 tentacles (biradial symmetry), unidirectional digestion(So they can eat while digesting)

What do the tentacles of Phylum Ctenophora have on them?

They have colloblasts, which are the glue cells Phylum Ctenophora use for drawing clades.

What is bilateral symmetry? How do you know if Bilateral symmetry is present?

Symmetry defined by animals that have a head(posterior) and tail(posterior) ends; you know when the body can be divided along one plane into two identical halves

Bilaterians are __blastic. What are the different parts of your previous answer?

triploblastic; ectoderm, mesoderm and endodermt

There are three body types of bilaterians; name them. Pseudocoelomate vs coelomate

Aceolamate, pseudocoelomate and coelomate.’ pseudocoelomates don’t have mesoderm lining their entire body whereas coelomates do, aceolamate has no mesodermal tissue

What does the A in A-coelomate mean? What does the pseudo in pseudocoelomate mean? What are the two groups of Protostomia?

“A” means lacking ; Pseudo means “false”; Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

Phylum Bilateria: Protostomes? Deuterostomes?

first opening becomes month; second hole becomes the mouth, blastopore becomes anus

Convergent evolution is the process by which unrelated organism develop similar traits, whereas ____ is the of that evolution

result

Phylum Platyhelminthes: Any synapomorphies?Their external boy covering is known as and what characteristics do they have?

There is no single synapomorphy for this phylum; a neodermis, bilaterla symmetry, triploblastic bodies and are acoelomate

Phylum Platyhelminthes: Aceolomate as no ___dermal tissue, so they don’t have any orgran systems. What are the four classes of this phylum? Which are parasitic?

meso; turbellaria, trematoda, monogenea, Cestoda; trematoda, monogenea, Cestoda

Phylum Platyhelminthes: What is the synapomorphy of Clade Neodermata? Epidermis a

The neodermis;

Phylum Platyhelminthes: Clada Tubrellaria has rhabdites. What are they? Clade neodermata adaptations to livng in the body

tubrellarians w/ rhabdijtes in ciliated epidermis; resistant to immune system + digestive juices