ECCB 302

bunodont

rounded cusps (omnivores)

Lophodont

enamel ridges (herbivores)

Selenodont

ridges anterior-posterior

hypsodonty

high crowned molars

Brachydont

low crowned molars

carnissial pair

last upper pre molar and 1st lower molar carnivores)

molars

grinding

premolars

piercing and breaking food

myremecophagy

ant and termite eating (longer tongue)

aquatic tooth mammals

homodont

aquatic baleen mammals

loss of teeth, baleen to strain planktonic organisms

female transfer system (males closely related)

new world monkeys and chimps and females move to other groups

male transfer system

baboons and lions

monogamous species

little sexually dimorphic and gibbons

solitary species

orangutangs

pleisadaiforms

near KT boundary and small and arboreal

prosimians

1st true primates (Eocene) and not monophyletic

anthropoids

larger primates and dinural

evolution

ardipithecus, Australopithecus, habilis, erectus, heidelbergensis, floresiensis, neanderthalensis, and sapiens

amniotes traits

egg, impermeable skin, costal ventilation of lungs, and temporal fenestration

synapsids

mammals and mammal like reptiles

non mammalian synapsids

pelycosaurs, non-cynodont therapsids, and cynodont therapsids

Paleozoic

late carboniferous ( synapsids radiate)

permian:

synapsids most abundant terrestrial vertebrate , perm-triassic extinction

triassic

top carnivores

nonmammaliasn synapsids trends

metabolism and endothermy

non mammalian synapsids

size of temporal fenestra, lower temporal bar, lower jaw and jaw point, heterdont and diphyodonty, hard secondary palate, parietal foramen, position of limbs, shape of limb girdles, shape of feet, vertebral column, and tail

mammal traits

hair and lactation

american interchange

Panama facilitated great interchange of placentals in South America and outcompacted others and some moved north, most went extinct. Placental didn't get to australia
2-5 million years ago dispersal stopped because habitat was different. Fragmentation fro glacier movement toward south

vicariance

geological barrier

dispersal

move over the mountains and independently evolve; active movement

convergence

same form and function but distantly related not close (placentals and marsupials )

mammal orders

marsupials , afrotheria (basal plancentals), xenarthra, euarchontoglires, laurasiatheria (include eulipotyphla)

Blastocyst

initial embryonic cluster of cells; inner and outer layer

Trophoblast

outer layer of Blastocyst

Endometrium

glandular uterine epithelium

Corpus luteum

yellow-body; temporary endocrine structure

mammalian diversification

jurassic and cretaceous

oldest mammals

Morganucodon form jurassic

mammal skull traits

Enlargement of brain and inner ear area

lactation advantages

Production of offspring no longer seasonal
Not as dependent on parental care
Young can be born undeveloped stage (safer for mother)

mammary gland evolved from

glands associated with hair follicles

suckling tied to:

hard secondary palate

monotremata

platypus and echnida

metatherians

marsupials

eutherians

placentals

mammalian traits

lactation, epiphysis of long bones, brain case enclosed, heterodont dentition, denture - squamosal articulation, upright posture, crurotasal joint and calcaneus, pelvis girdle arrangements, 7 cervical vert and unique atlas, hair, spine twisted and dorsoventral direction, keratin structures, glandular structures, adipose, heart with complete ventricular septum, respiratory system, and urogenital system

Tapetum lyceum

reflection of light from eyes

Monotremes

lay eggs

theria

viviparity

hindgut fermenters (mono gastric)

- don't get all nutrients
- coprophagy in some

foregut fermenters (ruminant)

- get most of nutrients
- microorganisms can produce all essential amino acids

fully, oblate aquatic mammals

Cetacea, sirenia, and carnivora (seals, sea lions, and walrus;pinnipeds)

3 factors for primate social systems

Distribution of food resources
Group size
Predation