APHG all vocab

Industrial revolution

Industrial revolution

The rapid transformation of the economy through the introduction of machines, new power sources, and new chemical processes in Europe and the U.S between 1790 and 1830

Assembly line

A system of manufacturing in which parts and procedures are added one step at a time through a series of workshops until the product is assembled

International division of labor

The situation in which the labor forces of different countries and world regions play complementary roles in a interdependent global economy

Economy sectors

Groupings of industries based on what is produced and the activities of the workforce

Primary sector

Industries that extract natural resources from the environment

Secondary sector

Industries that process the raw materials extracted by primary industries, transforming them into finished usable forms

Gross Domestic Product

The total value of all goods and services produced within a country overa specific period, regardless of the producers national origin

Gross national income

The total income of a country’s residents and businesses, including investment income , regardless of where it was earned, as well as money received from abroad such as foreign investment and development aid.

Purchase power parity

Measures how much a common “basket of goods” costas locally in the currency of each country being compared

Gender inequality index

The statistical measure of gender inequality that combines data on reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation

Human development index

A statistical measure of human achievement that combine data on life expectancy at birth, education levels, and GNI per capita (ppp) population

Informal sector

the part of any economy that is not officially recorded, monitored or taxed by the government

the part of the economy that is officially recorded with the government

Gender empowerment measurement

The measurement of gender inequality that includes the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments, the percentage of women in economic decision making positions, and women vs. men’s share of earned income.

Gender parity

A way of documenting progress toward gender inequality using measures such as relative access to education, average income for women vs. men, and workforce participation

Mercantilism

A theory of trade stating that each country strives to export more than it inputs in order t accumulate wealth

Absolute advantage

A country’s ability to produce a good or service more efficiency than another country

Trade embargo

An official ban on trade with a specific country of a specific good

Tertiary sector

Industires that provide services to businesses and consumers, including all the different types of work to transport and deliver goods and resources

Quaternary sector

The portion of the economy dedicated to intellectual and informational services such as scientific research and development

Quinary Sector

The portion of the economy where the highest-level management decisions are made in the area of businesses, government, education, and science

Break- of -bulk point

A location where cargo is transferred from one mode to another

Least-cost theory

Alfred Websters theory that transportation costs and labor costs play a strong role in determining the location of manufacturing facilities

World system theory

Wallerstein’s theory of economic development that regards world history as moving through a series of socioeconomic systems accumulating in the modern world system by about the year 1900

Gross national product

The total value of all goods and services made by a country’s residents and businesses in a specific time period regardless of the country or location in which they were made

Import substitution industrialization

An economic development policy intended to replace imported goods with domestically produced goods as a way to sur industrialization and reduce dependence on on other countrie s

Fordism

The economic social arrangement based on mass production of standardized goods, high labor union membership rates, stable full time manufacturing employment, and high factory wages that enable mass consumption

Ecotourism

Travel to natural areas of ecological value in support of conservation efforts and socially just economic development.

intensive agriculture

crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that use levels of labor and capital relative to the size of the landholding.

Subsistence agriculture

Food production mainly for consumption by the farming family and local community, rather than principally for sale in market.

Commercial agriculture

Farming oriented exclusively toward the production of agricultural communities for sal in the market.

Market Gardening

A small-scale farming system in which a farmer plants one to a few acres that produce a diverse mixture of fruits and vegetables.

Truck farming

A scaled up version of market gardening, with more acreage,less crop diversity, and a stronger orientation toward more distant markets.

Plantation farming

A large landholding devoted to capital-intensive, specialized production of a single tropical or sub-tropical crop for the global market place.

Mixed crop/Livestock farming

A diversified system of agriculture based on the cultivation of cereal grains and root crops and the rearing of herd livestock.

Cash crops

a crop rasied to be sold for profit rather than to feed the farm family and livestock; ex. Cotton, flax, coffee..

Paddy rice farming

A system of wet rice cultivation on small level fields bordered by impermeable dives.

Feedlot

A fenced enclosure used for intensive livestock feeding that serves to limit livestock movement and associated weight loss

Extensive Agriculture

Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that require little hired labor or monetary investment to successfully raise crops and animals.

Shifting Cultivation

The cultivation of a plot of land until it becomes less productive, typically over period of about 3- 5 years when productivity drops the farmer shifts to a new plot

Intercropping

The farming practice of planting multiple crops together in the same clearing

Nomadic herding

A system of breeding and rearing herd livestock, such as cattle, sheep, goats, by following the seasonal movement of rainfall to areas of open land

Livestock ranching

The practice of using extensive tracts of land to rear herds of livestock to sell as meat,hide,or wool

Clustered settlement

A tightly bunched farm settlement that has anywhere from a few dozen to several hundred inhabitants

Dispersed settlement

A settlement pattern in which families live relatively distant from one another

Linear settlement

A settlement pattern in which buildings are arranged in a line, often along a road or river; limited to areas where legal systems dictated that property lines must be rectangular

Metes and Bounds

Survey system that uses natural features such as trees, boulders, and streams to delineate property boundaries

Township and Range

Land survey system created by the U.S land ordinance of 1785, which divides most of the countries territory into a grid of square-shaped townships with 6 mile sides

Long lot system

A unit-block survey system whose basic unit is a rectangle that is typically 10 times longer than is wide

First agricultural revolution

Period during which early domestication and diffusion of plants and animals and the cultivation of seed crops lad to the development of agriculture

The fertile crescent

Area in Southwest Asia that includes the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates

Indus river valley

Area along the Indus river that flows from the highlands of Tibet and continues down along the border between Pakistan and India

Columbian exchange

The interaction and widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human population, technology, disease and ideas between the Americas and Africa and the old world in the 1500’s & 1600’s

Second agricultural revolution

period that brought improved method of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce that began in the late 1600’s and continued through the 1930’s

Seed drill

A machine for planting seeds in a row

Pesticides

Material used to kill or repel animals and insects that damage, destroy, or inhibit crop growth

Herbicides

Pesticide designed to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants (weeds) that compete with crops

Green Revolution

The U.s supported development of high yield seed variety that increased the productivity of cereal crops for transfer to LDC’s

Cross-Breeding

The act of mixing different species of and varieties of plants or animals to produce hybrids

Hybrid

The offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties

Double Cropping

Planting another crop on the same plot of land as soon as the first crop has been harvested

Environmental Contamination

Chemical residue that builds up with each application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides

Soil Salinization

The concentration of dissolved salts in soil

Bid-Rent Theory

Explains how the demand for and price of land decrease as it’s distance from the central business district increases

Central Business District

A dense cluster of offices and shops located at the cities most accessible point (center)

Monocropping

The cultivation of a single commercial crop on extensive tracts of land

Commodity Chain

A series of links connecting a commodity’s many places of production, distribution, and consumption

Agribuisness

Large cooperation that provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry

Concentrated Animal Feeding

Animal rearing system that confines livestock in high-density cages only large enough to allow the animals body to grow and to accommodate equipment for feeding and waste removal

Von Thunen Model

A predictive theory in human geo that predicts humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and transporting products to market

Global Supply Chain

Agribusiness organized at the global scale; encompasses all the elements of growing, harvesting, processing, transporting, marketing, consuming, and disposing of food

Export Commodity

A cash crop that is produced for export to wealthier countries at the expense of crop production for local consumption

Subsides

Guaranteed prices for staple food crops

Dead Zones

Sections of a body of water where there is very little aquatic life

Desertification

The process by which once-fertile land becomes deserted as a result of climate variations or human activities

Irrigation Agriculture

Farming that relies on the controlled application of water to cultivated fields

Aquifer

Underground water deposited hundreds of thousands of years ago

Sustainable Agriculture

A commitment to satisfying human food and textile needs and to enhancing the quality of life for farmers and society asa whole; it requires a balance among feeding the growing population

Genetically Modified Organism

A living organism including crops and livestock,that is produced through genetic engineering

Aquaculture

The cultivation and harvesting of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions

Urban Farming

The practice of growing fruits and veggies on small private plots or shared community gardens within the confines of a city

City

A relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population that rural towns and villages.

First Urban Revolution

The agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of the earliest settlement.

Site

An absolute location of a place on earth

Situation

The relative location of place in reference to it’s surrounding features, or it’s original position with reference to other places.

Second Urban Revolution

The industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to the increased urban growth.

Metropolis

A very large densely populated city, particularly that capital or major city of a country or region.

Urbanization

The process of making an area more urban.

Suburbanization

The movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city.

Edge City

A concentration of businesses, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city’s traditional CBD.

Boomburb

A place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area.

Exurb

A semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often enhabited by well-to-do families.

World City

A city that is a control center of the global economy, in which major decisions are made about the worlds commercial networks and financial markets.

Gated Community

Privately governed and highly secured residential area within the bounds of a city.

Rank-Size Rule

The population of a settlement in inversely proportional it’s rank in the urban hierarchy.

Primate City

A city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country's economic, political, and cultural life.

Central Place Theory

A model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are.

Range

In central place theory, the distance people will travel to acquier a good

Gravity Model

The idea that the closer two places are, the more they will influence each other.

Threshold

In central place theory, the number of people required to support businesses