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Caffeine
A psychoactive stimulant that is commonly consumed in coffee, tea, chocolate, and soda.
Psychoactive
A substance that affects the brain and alters mood, perception, or consciousness.
Stimulant
A substance that increases alertness, attention, and energy levels.
Dependence
A state in which a person relies on a substance to function normally and experiences withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Methylxanthine
A class of drugs that includes caffeine and other similar compounds.
Theophylline
A methylxanthine found in tea that has similar effects to caffeine but is weaker.
Theobromine
A methylxanthine found in chocolate that is one-tenth as strong as caffeine and theophylline.
Caffeine Content
The amount of caffeine present in a specific serving of a beverage or food.
Arabica Species
A species of Coffea tree that accounts for approximately 80% of the world's coffee production.
Robusta Species
A species of Coffea tree that accounts for approximately 20% of the world's coffee production.
Oxidation
The process of exposing a substance to air, which can change its chemical properties.
Black Tea
A type of tea that is completely oxidized, resulting in a dark color and strong flavor.
Green Tea
A type of tea that is minimally oxidized, resulting in a lighter color and milder flavor.
White Tea
A type of tea that is partially oxidized, resulting in a delicate flavor and appearance.
Cocoa
The processed product that comes from the seedpods of the cacao tree, used to make chocolate.
Fermented
The process of allowing a substance to undergo chemical changes through the action of microorganisms.
Pharmacokinetics
The study of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body.
Absorption
The process by which a substance enters the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract.
Gastrointestinal Tract
The pathway through which food and drink travel in the body, including the stomach and intestines.
Half-life
The time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the body to decrease by half.
Metabolization
The process by which a drug is broken down and transformed into different substances by the body.
Excretion
The process by which waste products, including drugs, are eliminated from the body.
CYP1A2 Gene
A gene that codes for enzymes involved in the metabolism of caffeine.
Antagonist
A substance that binds to a receptor without activating it, blocking the receptor's normal function.
Adenosine
A neurotransmitter that regulates sleep and wakefulness.
Receptor
A protein molecule on the surface of a cell that binds to specific substances, such as neurotransmitters.
Neural Activity
The electrical and chemical signals transmitted between neurons in the brain.
Dopamine (DA)
A neurotransmitter involved in reward and pleasure.
Reward Circuit
A network of brain regions involved in experiencing pleasure and reinforcing behaviors.
Self-administer
The voluntary consumption of a substance by an animal or person.
Caffeine
A stimulant that affects the brain and body.
Self-administer
The act of voluntarily taking a substance.
Cocaine
A powerful stimulant drug.
Preexposure
Prior exposure to a substance.
Abuse potential
The likelihood of a substance being misused or causing addiction.
Stimulants
Substances that increase activity in the brain and body.
Amphetamine
A type of stimulant drug.
Sedation
The act of calming or relaxing.
Regulation
Control or management.
Oxygen delivery
The transportation of oxygen to cells.
Dilation
Widening or expanding.
Cerebral
Relating to the brain.
Coronary
Relating to the heart.
Blood vessels
Tubes that carry blood throughout the body.
CNS-stimulation
Central nervous system stimulation.
Energized
Feeling full of energy.
Creative
Having the ability to think imaginatively.
Efficient
Performing tasks with minimal wasted effort.
Confident
Feeling self-assured.
Alert
Being attentive and aware.
Impairs
Negatively affects or hinders.
Decision-making
The process of making choices or decisions.
Motor component
The physical aspect of a task.
Performance enhancing
Improving one's abilities or skills.
Insomnia
Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
Slow-wave sleep
A deep stage of sleep.
Diuresis
Increased production of urine.
Gastric acid stimulation
Increased production of stomach acid.
Acute
Referring to a short-term or immediate effect.
Intoxication
The state of being poisoned or affected by a substance.
Lightheadedness
Feeling dizzy or faint.
Tremulousness
Shaking or trembling.
Breathlessness
Difficulty breathing.
Headache
A pain in the head.
Irregular heartbeat
An abnormal rhythm of the heart.
Muscle twitching
Involuntary muscle contractions.
Rambling flow of thought and speech
Disorganized or incoherent thinking and speaking.
Cardiac arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm.
Psychomotor agitation
Restlessness or increased physical activity.
Tolerance
The body's reduced response to a substance over time.
Adenosine receptors
Receptors in the brain affected by caffeine.
Chronic coffee drinkers
Individuals who regularly consume coffee over a long period.
Alertness
Being awake and attentive.
Irritability
Easily becoming annoyed or agitated.
Resistance
The ability to withstand the effects of a substance.
Renal effects
Effects on the kidneys.
Withdrawal
The physical and psychological symptoms experienced when stopping the use of a substance.
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