Final Phys

Taking advantage of the beautiful weather earlier this week, your Phellow Physer Libby Thompson was playing Frisbee while barefoot on the oval. While running to make a catch, she stepped with her right foot on a sharp stone hidden in the grass. Considering the series of involuntary action that next occurred to her, Libby correctly states that

Her immediate actions were the direct result of information processed by her central nervous system

She contracted her flexor and contralateral extensor
She utilized both her efferent and afferent nervous system
Her nociorecptors registered the impact of the sharp rock

Both smooth and skeletal muscle ____, but only smooth muscle ____.

Require one ATP per crossbridge cycle — has a single stopping point for her crossbridge cycling
Directly depend on. cytosolic calcium — is relaxed at the bottom of the crossbridge cycling process
Can contract due to neuron innervation — has intracellular calcium levels changing

Which is a correct statement about insulin?

It has fewer, adjacent carbon rings than aldosterone
It is hydrophilic
It is derived from amino acids
It is more similar to prolactin than estrogen

Which is a correct statement about the endocrine system?

Its endocrines are released by glands and neurons
Its cortisol always impacts DNA transcription
All steroids are derived from cholesterol
Its peptide endocrines require membrane bound receptors

Which is a correct statement about movements due to skeletal muscle?

It is typically accomplished by muscles working in pairs
It could be accomplished by a flexor
It could be a result of the proprioception systems input from Golgi tendon organs
Most are voluntary

Smooth muscle is controlled by the ____ nervous system and does not have _____

Autonomic — troponin

Which is a correct statement about Endocrine 1s?

They are always produced and released by the hypothalamus
They always travel through the infundibulum

An example of one is Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
They are regulated by negative feedback from Endocrine 3s

The neurohypophysis releases Endocrine ____

1s

Phys Phab Kaitlyn was watching a track meet where multiple runner completed a race by handing off a baton. One race started with a blue-shirted runner handing off to a red-shirted runner who handed off to a green-shirted runner who ultimately crossed the finish line. Using this race as an analogy for the endocrine system, kaitlyn correctly stated that

When released by the green-shirted runner, the baton would be an endocrine 3
The blue-shirted runner would be the hypothalamus
The red-shirted runner would be the anterior pituitary gland
The entire race course would be in the body
From blue to red would be infundibulum

Your phellow physer Carmen Oh correctly noted that both skeletal and smooth muscle contain ____ while only one of them contains _____.

Tropomyosin — troponin
Calcium receptors — Calmodulin
myosin — Z lines

Which is a correct statement about the pituitary gland?

The neurohypophysis receives two endocrines via axons
The portal vasculature is within the infundibulum that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
The anterior pituitary gland is not currently considered a part of the brain
All three statements are correct

Dr. Scarlet’s Patient X has ingested a toxin that eliminates all the tropomyosin from a cell without disrupting the cell’s structural integrity. Dr. S correctly realizes that when Patient x’s level of cytosolic calcium rises

In smooth muscle, the process to start crossbridge cycling will not be impacted
Neither statement is correct
In a skeletal myofiber, the level of crossbridge cycling will not be impacted

Which is a correct statement about a difference between smooth and skeletal muscles?

Only smooth muscle creates a radial contraction directly due to its dense bodies
Neither statement is correct
Only skeletal myofibers are relaxed with the crossbridge in the deflexed position
Both statements are correct

Which is a correct statement about the spinal reflexes presented in lecture?

They were both activated by somatosensory input
Only one involved the contralateral extensor being contracted
The movements being shown by Dr. Bronson were caused by her motor cortex

Which is a correct statement about endocrines?

All of the Endocrine 2s are released by the anterior pituitary gland
They move through the smallest fluid compartments
Both statements are correct

Skeletal myofibers that are categroized as ____ have ____

Slow-oxidative — lots of myoglobin
Slow-oxidative — high aerobic capacity
Fast-glycolytic — the largest diameter
Fast oxidative — moderate mitocondria

When skeletal myofiber is relaxing, calcium is _____ moved to a specific location via _____.

Actively— ATPases

Actively—transporters

Brutus Buckeye went on a backpack trip for Spring Break. Unfortunately, in his first packing attempt, he was unable to lift his backpack off the ground. While trying to lift this initial backpack, Brutus correctly knew that he was doing an ___ contraction and his functional units were ____

Isometric— shortening

Dr. Scarlet’s Patient X was born with a genetic condition that inhibits skeletal muscle development by about 50%. Dr. S. correctly expects that Patient X, when compared to a typical individual, ___ they do.

Does more eccentric contractions than
Does more isometric contractions

Which is a correct statement about calcium during the transition to complete relaxation in skeletal muscle?

It moves against its gradient
its movement requires our critical equation 1 to be run in the forward direction
Its change in location will cause crossbridge cycling to stop
It always remains in the intracellular fluid compartment

Which is a correct statement about the initial source of ATP for skeletal muscles?

It produces fewer ATPs per starting compound than Krebs cycle.
It requires one steps/reactions to create ATP

During relaxation of skeletal muscle, calcium is moved to the ____ and the ____level in the cytosol is decreasing

Sarcoplasmic reticulum— ATP

Phys Phab Sophia has control of the Magic Shrink Ray, Switched the setting size to protein and finds herself next to a skeletal myofiber in the leg of a world champion marathon runner. Consequently, she is not suprised when she observes that this myofiber

Has a lot of mitochondria
Has a very small diameter

Which is a correct statement about a deltoid muscle

Its speed of contraction is dependent on how quickly the ATP is hydrolyzed on the myosin head
Its sarcomeres shorten regardless of whether the contraction is isotonic, isometric, or eccentric

To move from unfused to fused tetanus, that muscle’s motor neuron will need to increase its

Action potential frequency

Calcium influx
Neither statement is correct

For the sources of ATP in the skeletal myofibers, Phellow Physer Libby Thompson correctly states that

Per starting compound, Krebs cycle and glycolysis create the same numbers of ATPs

Two of the four sources can occur under anaerobic conditions

Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct

While doing her regular bicep curls, Phys Phab lauren correctly stated that this process involved

A load that is always dependent
Two types of contractions by her bicep
Both statements are correct

When considered the process of lifting a light and heavier weight,

The heavy weight will require the activation of more motor units
The response might be the same for both weights
Both statements are correct

Dr. Gray’s patient Y broke their right tibia over the weekend. Dr. G correctly explained that, even with only bone damage having occurred, the immobilization of their lower lef for the next few week will cause

Muscles in the area to experience atrophy
Neither statement is correct

While in the party room, you observed Phys Phab Max arrive and say bye to Phys Phab Ava but it was a couple minutes before Ava left the room. Having just been focused on twitches, you correctly see this exchange as an analogy for twitch where

Max would be the action potential

A latent period exists until Ava left the room
Both statements are correct

While studying skeletal muscle arrangement during crossbridge cycling, Physer Libby Thompson correctly noted that ____ would remain a constant length while ____. shortens

Dark Band — H zone
Actin — I band

While doing bicep curls with a friend at the RPAC, you correctly tell your friend that

Two different myofilaments called myosin and actin are present in this bicep muscle
The bicep muscle is an organ

Phys Phab Katie has control of the magic shrink ray, switched the size setting to protein and finds herself next to a myofiber with H zones that are reducing in width. She correctly expects that, when she shifts her focus, she will see

M lines are getting closer to the actin
Myosin filaments are not getting shorter

Phys Phab Kyle accidentally purchased a different laundry degerent than he has been using for years. Fortunately, he correctly knew that his ___ allowed him to recognize its lavender scent and his ___ prevented him from registering that new scent after just a short time

Orbitofrontal cortex — olfactory bulb

Each myofiber has ___neuron(s) innverating it and each motor unit innervates ____ myofiber(s)

Only one — multiple

Which is a correct statement about decreasing the size of the functional unit of skeletal muscle?

Our critical equation 1 is being run in the forward direction
A flexed crossbridge cannot move the actin towards the M line

Which is a correct statement about hte neuromuscular junction

Sodium moves through ligand-gated channels to enter the myofiber
Only voltage-gated channels are opened in the motor neuron

Which is a correct statement about perception?

It often combines multiple sensory system inputs
An individual is often not aware of their perceptions
It is a consequence of the cerebral cortex

Yesterday, Phys Phab Julia enjoyed a chocolate caramel sundae. Relishing her physiology knowledge, she correctly noted that she was ingesting fats, salts, and sweets. She states that this sundae included

Three critical needs for her physiology
Compounds that, in the distant past, were rare

Years ago Brutus was adopted by a kitten that had been living at the Shoe. Visiting Brutus last weekend, you noticed a distinct cat litter smell in his house but Brutus was unaware of the odor. However, correctly knowing his physiology, he correctly states that

His greatly reduced vomeronasal organ is not the cause of the difference
Neither statement is correct

Because these two are ____, ____ are like _____

Neither statement is correct
Not always easily visible — I bands — H zones
Able to change in size — Sarcomeres — light bands
Both statements are correct

Which is the correct pair with a complete first one found entirely within the second one?

H zone — A band
A band — sarcomere
Both statements are correct

dr. Scarlets Patient X has ingested a toxin that prevents the opening of ligand- gated channels in skeletal myofibers. Conseuqently Dr. S correctly notes that Patient X will have

No graded potentials occuring in the myofiber
Action Potentials occuring in the neuromuscular junction

Carmen Oh is drinking a diet soda but is unhappy about its after taste. Carmen correctly states that the taste could defnitely be improved

If antagonisst for the chemoreceptors in the throat were added
If more agonists for the sweet receptors were added
Both statements are correct

Dr. Grays Patient Y has ingested a toxin that is an agonist for ATP. Dr. G correctly realizes that within Y’s skeletal muscles the toxin will

Stop crossbridge cycling
Prevent rigor mortis
Both statements are correct