Studied by 2 people
multistore model of memory
information moves through multiple stores
Atkinson and shiffrin’s information-processing model
similar to sequential computer processing
sensory
iconic <1s
echoic 1-3s
short-term
<30s
7 ± 2 items (miller)
long-term
>30s
capacity unlimited
short-term memory → working memory
where we process information actively (maintenance rehearsal)
shallow processing
little elaboration with a focus on superficial and or perceptual elements
deep processing
focus on the meaning with deeper elaboration
acoustic
encode by sound
semantic
encode by meaning
testing effect
retrieving information for assessments > restudying or rereading
serial position effect
the middle items are the least remembered
recency effect
the last items in a list are remembered best immediately after presentation
primacy effect
the first items in a list are remembered best in the long-term (encoded in LTM)
hierarchies
creating categories with subdivisions
serial processing
only one process occurs at any given time, one after the other
parallel processing
multiple tracks of brain processes occurring at the same time
effortful processing
explicit memories, such as experiences and facts
automatic processing
implicit memories encoded unconsciously, such as time, space, and frequency
retrieval
getting information out of long-term memory
recognition
identify previous learning; stable
recall
retrieving or pulling out previous learning; declines with age
relearning
improved retrieval with repeated learning
priming
activation of memory associations, sometimes unconsciously
ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve
memorized nonsense syllables
prospective memory
memory to do with something in the future
interference
some information blocks the recall of other information
proactive interference
forward-acting, prior information disrupts learning new information
retroactive interference
backward-acting, new learning disrupts recalling old information
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember past information to experiences
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
long-term potentiation
increased efficiency in the synapse when repeated
explicit memory
memory for experiences and factors, hippocampus and frontal lobe
implicit memory
memory for procedures, conditioning, timing, cerebellum
basal ganglia
in the deep brain associated with procedural motor skills
emotional memory
limbic system, center of emotion in the brain, including hippocampus and amygdala
flashbulb memory
not immune to alteration, very personal experience, can be shared
concept
a cluster of cognitive raw material
prototype
a great, abstract example not a perfect one, but a great one (the hypothetical “most typical” instance of category)
exemplar
a great example from experience but experience is limited
artificial concept
a perfect example, geometry, rare in real life
informal reasoning
fast thinking
formal thinking
slow thinking
heuristics
often based on experience, usually work, fast and efficient
thinking shortcuts that can lead us into the wrong answer
mental set
similar to schema, it is a way of thinking that has worked before
mental model
a way of thinking about how thing interact
algorithm
step by step processing
syllogism
using logic
diagnosis
elimination all of the wrong answers will leave you with the right answer
artificial intelligence
similar to algorithm, facial recognition, auto complete, or self driving cars use step by step processes to find patterns
cognitive biases
the results of using an imperfect thinking strategy
representativeness heuristic
thinking that a new thing that has a few characteristics of a schema, will then fit nicely into that schema
avalanche heuristic
when strategy easily comes to mind
anchoring bias
a powerful or emotional thought weighs down the rest of the mind
confirmation bias
politics, many of us already have our opinions
hindsight bias
“I knew it all along”, before an event we don’t know the outcome, after the outcome will think we knew
fixedness
not being able to see the problem from a different point of view
framing effect
words matter
illusory correlation
just because things happen near each other, doesn’t mean there is a connection
functional fixedness
not being able to see than an object can be used in different ways
belief perseverance
even when presented with concrete, convincing evidence to the contrary, a person will hold onto their beliefs
operational definiton
descriptions that can be observed and measured
abstract
intelligence is the ability to think creatively
operationalized
conceptual ideas into measurable observations
psychometrics
literally means measuring the mind
speed of processing
is easily measured and it does seem to be positively correlated with intelligence
fluid intelligence
related to speed of processing; ability to process new information, learn, and solve problems
crystallized intelligence
accumulation of knowledge acquired throughout life
flynn effect
over time, the average IQ of a given society rises
savant syndrome
a genius like ability in a very narrow area
stereotype threat
members of a group who thought to be less than in certain areas will often perform worse in that area than members of a different group
standardization
against what is an individual score compared
starts with giving many sample pretests to many people before the test actually administered as an official test
reliability
is the score stable over time
the results stable over time, correlated with another version of the test to be reliable, spilt in half method
validity
does the test actually measure what it says it measures
content validity
only asks the same thing (low content validity)
construct validity
operationalization, abstract idea of intelligence be translated into something that can be measured
criterion validity
correlated to an outside measure
predictive validity
how well a test predicts future performance
secondary language acquisition
purposeful, conscious activity to try encode rules, conventions and patterns of the second language
primary language acquisition
an unconscious process, infants are not consciously aware of learning how to speak or how to apply the rules of grammar it just happens
language acquisition device
deaf babies will babble sounds they have never heard
linguistic determinism
words do not translate well into different languages
linguistics relativism
thoughts can be altered if a person not only learns to speak a new language but if they think in that new language
language acquisition
eye contact- type of communication that can show intent or connectedness
babbling- consonant-vowel sounds da-da-da
holophrase- one word but a complete thought
telegraphic speech- toddlers speak in two word phrases
fast mapping- toddlers begin to use context and what they heard others say to learn the meaning of new words
overgeneralization- misapplying grammar rules
critical period- when a child must learn something
sensitive period- when the brain is best able to do something
zygote
undergoes rapid cell division
xx or xy sex determined by father
least vulnerable to environmental influences
phenylketonuria (PKU)
inability to produce enzymes to digest proteins
inherited disorder autosomal recessive
alcohol teratogen
fetal alcohol syndrome, susceptibility to abuse alcohol later in lifetobac
tobacco teratogen
cleft palate, low birth weight
embryo
provided nourishment and oxygen by the placenta (2-8 weeks)
organs begin to form
heart begins to beat
central nervous system beings to develop- neural tube closes
fetus
sex organs differentiate ( 9 weeks- birth)
toes and fingers grow
hearing develops
lungs develop
brain undergoes rapid growth
bones and muscles develop
erikson’s psychosocial development: conflicts
trust vs. mistrust: infancy
autonomy vs. shame and doubt: early childhood
initiative vs. guilt: play age
industry vs. inferiority: school age
mary ainsworth: attachment styles
strange situation test: tested how babies respond to the temporary absence mothers
secure attachment
resistant attachment
avoidant attachment
separation anxiety
secure: distressed when mother leaves
insecure: resistant- intense distress, avoidant- not distressed when mother leaves
stranger anxiety
secure: avoids when mother leaves/friendly when mother is present
insecure: resistant- fear/avoidance, avoidant- no fear or avoidance
reunion behavior
secure: happy, easily soothed
insecure: resistant- approaches mother but resists physical contact, avoidant- little or not interest shown to mother upon return
other
secure: willing to explore but returns to mother for comfort
insecure: resistant- less willing to explore new environment, avoidant- equally comfortable with mother and stranger
authoritative parenting style
high demand + high warmth
authoritarian parenting style
high demand + low warmth
permissive parenting style
low demand + high warmth
uninvolved parenting style
low demand + low warmth
sensorimotor
object permanence
pre operational
theory of mind symbolic thought
speaking but not reading or writing
an object or an idea has a singular meaning
concrete operational
logic
Note
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