Chapter 3 Organic Molecules ⚛

Organic

food grown using natural fertilizers

New Definition of Organic Chemistry

the study of molecules that contain carbon,

Organic molecules can contain

carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur all of these atoms come together to make functional groups

Functional groups

groups of atoms or groups of atoms that have a predictable reactivity

Functional groups can help us to

recognize new biological molecules because each biological molecule has a characteristic set of functional groups

Hydroxyl Group

is an oxygen atom that is single bonded to a hydrogen and is also single bonded to a carbon containing group such as ethonol which is used to clean things and alcohol in beverages

chemists use the short hand _______ to talk about something that contains carbon

R
in some cases it can be carbon or hydrogen but in the case of an alcohol it's always a carbon because if it was not a carbon containing group it would be water

Amine Group

the simplest amine is ammonia which is often found in bathroom cleaners

What is the chemical structure of ammonia?

Nitrogen atom that is bonded with three hydrogen atoms.

More often an amine is a nitrogen atom that is single bonded to _________ different groups that contain either hydrogen or carbon

3

Amines are found in _____ acids

Amino

Ether group

is found in sugars

The ether group consists of ________

an oxygen that is single bonded to two different carbon atoms
example ethyl ether which was used as an anesthetic used to knock people out with a contaminated cloth like in movies

Carbonyl Group

is a carbon that is double bonded to an oxygen example acetone which is found in nail polish remover

A carbonyl containing functional group is the ______________

Carboxylic Acids (carb=carbonyl) (oxyl=Hydroxyl)

Carboxylic Acids

Consist of a carbon that is double bonded to an oxygen and (single bonded to an oxygen that is single bonded to a hydrogen) hydroxyl group

Carboxylic Acids are found in

amino acids and fatty acids

Ester Group consists

of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom that is single bonded to an oxygen atom that is attached to a carbon atom it is also one of the things that make fruits smell really nice

Esters are what holds _________ together

fats, bonding fatty acids to glycerol or mono di and dri glycerol

_____ hold fats together in biological systems and bond fatty acids to glycerol.
Esters
Ethers
Hydroxyls
Amines
Carbonyls

Esters

What is the shorthand for a carbon-containing substance in organic chemistry?
R
P
Ca
C
O

R

Which of the following functional groups contains nitrogen?
Amine
Carboxylic Acid
Alcohol
Disulfide
Hydroxyl

Amine

The _____ has an oxygen atom single-bonded to hydrogen and single-bonded to a carbon-containing group.
amine
ester
ether
carbonyl
hydroxyl

hydroxyl

Which of the following is true about organic molecules?
They must contain carbon
None of the above
They contain only carbon
They can only be found in living organisms
They always have chains of carbon atoms

They must contain carbon

Polymer

is a long chain molecule formed by bonding together monomer units

Monomer

means single, it is the simplest unit from which a polymer can be formed

Plastic Milk Jug Is made out of

Polyethylene, which is made out of ethylene which contains four hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms that are connected by a double bond.

Dimer

polymer consisting of 2 monomer units

Trimer

polymer consisting of 3 monomer units

Nylon is a combination of

hexamethylendiamine and adipic acid

Polymers can be made of

different types of monymers

There are natural polymers such as

cellulose which is made of glucose

A single sugar is called a 'monosaccharide.'
'_____saccharide' refers to a three sugar polymer.
Hexa
Di
Tri
Penta

Tri

What holds high density polyethylene together?
Carbon-carbon double bonds
Branching of carbon chains
Addition of other atoms to the plastic
Intermolecular forces between polymer chains

Intermolecular forces between polymer chains

A two unit molecule is a
trimer
none of these answers
monomer
dimer

dimer

A long chain molecule formed by many smaller units is called a
trimer
polymer
dimer
monomer

polymer

Cellulose & proteins are types of
natural polymers
man-made polymers
monomers
dimers

natural polymers

Carbohydrates
(a.k.a. sugars)

come from atom Carbon, Hydrate

Polysaccharide

big/many sugar(s)

Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Deoxyribose, contain which group.

All of these contain an ether group, an oxygen that is single bonded to two different carbon atoms. They also contain several Hydroxyl groups or oh groups.

Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Deoxyribose, contain ________ a atom that is single bonded to two different oxygen atoms

carbon

The carbon inside, Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Deoxyribose, is special because?

It helps us decide where we are going to start counting the carbon atoms on our sugar. The order of the carbon atoms is very important in sugar because this can tell us about how sugars are linked together when they form bonds.

The order of the carbon atoms is very important in sugar because

this can tell us about how sugars are linked together when they form bonds.

How do you count the carbons in a Sugar?

First locate the carbon that is bonded to two different oxygen atoms. Then you see how many carbons this carbon is attached to. If this carbon is at the end of the carbon chain and is only attached one carbon than this carbon is carbon number one. Then Count around the ring

Sucrose is a ________ Sugar

Disaccaride, formed by glucose linking to fructose

Disaccaride links are formed by

dehydration,

A Glycocitic bond is a _______ bond that is formed when two different carbon atoms are bonded together, substances that contain these bonds are called glycosyde

covalent

The N-glycosidic bond

has a carbon atom that is attached to one nitrogen atom and one oxygen

What are the two major types of glycosytic bonds?

1-4 g bond and the 1-6 g bond

Diatary fiber is also known as?

Cellulose, which is a long string of thousands glucose linked together

Starch is

two complex sugars, amylopectin and amylose

Mamals use ________ to store our carbohydrates

glycogen

Lactose is composed of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule, therefore, lactose is classified as a _____.
trisaccharide
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide

disaccharide

Which set of functional groups is always found in sugars?
Ethers and carboxylic acids.
Ethers and amines.
Amines and alcohols.
Hydroxyl groups

Hydroxyl groups

All of the following statements are true, EXCEPT _____.
starch is composed of amylopectin and amylose
pasta and cereals are good sources of carbohydrates
sugars are found only in plants
mammals store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen

sugars are found only in plants

What type of reaction causes the formation of sugar molecules larger than monosaccharides?
Deamination
Dehydration
Hydration
Decarboxylation

Dehydration

Carlos just finished an exhausting workout. Which of the following carbohydrates can be readily used by his body as a source of fuel?
Any kind of polysaccharide.
Glucose
Cellulose
Dietary fiber

Glucose

Lipids

biological molecules that are insoluble in water, but are soluble in non-polar solvents

Lipids and fats are good for storing _____

energy

Lipids fall into two categories ______ and ______

glycerol and steroids

Glycerol is a

three carbon alcohol that contains three different hydroxl groups on each of the carbon atoms

Where do we find saturated and unsaturated fats?

in nature

trans fats are

synthetic

saturated fats

triglycerides that have no double bonds in their carboxylic acid chains found in things like butter

Unsaturated Fats

triglycerides that have double bonds in their carboxylic acid chains
they can be monounsaturated (one double bond) or polyunsaturated (many double bonds)

Trans fats

triglycerides that have trans double bonds in their carboxylic acid chains

Trans fats are bad for us because?

they are so tight that they could form blockages in our arteries

Soap can get rid of fat because

the soap molecule surrounds a blob of non polar lipid and help to pull it off of a dirty plate when water is washing it off

Lipids make up part of our __________ _______

Cell membranes, phospyl lipids consisting of glycerol attached to a phosphate group and to two fatty/carboxylic acids

Lipids can also serve as ____ or _______

chemical messengers or hormones

Which of the following roles do lipids NOT play in our bodies?
Generate heat
Make up part of our cell membranes
Act as hormones
Store energy

Generate heat

What is the functional group that is formed when glycerol reacts with carboxylic acids to form triglycerides?
Ether
Carbohydrate
Ester
Carboxylic acid

Ester

All of the following statements are true about lipids, EXCEPT that _____.
all lipids are fats
lipids are good at storing energy
lipids are biological molecules that are insoluble in water
steroid hormones like testosterone are lipids

all lipids are fats

Why does soap remove grease from pans when we wash dishes?
Soap sends a chemical message to fats to break up fat blobs in the pan.
Soap molecules react with fats to break up fat blobs.
The whole soap molecule is non-polar, so it breaks apart fat blobs.
Part of the soap molecule is polar and dissolves in water, while part is non-polar and dissolves in the lipids.

Part of the soap molecule is polar and dissolves in water, while part is non-polar and dissolves in the lipids.

Lawrence wants to eat food that is high in energy before he starts training for his tennis competition. Which of the following types of food will give him the most energy per pound?
Fat
Sugar
Carbohydrates
Protein

Fat

When a protein makes it easier for a biological reaction to happen it is acting as
an enzyme
a structural protein
a messenger
a transporter

an enzyme

Which of the following is function perfomed by proteins
transportation
regulation
muscle contraction

all of these answers are correct

Proteins in our skin, hair, and nails are called what
transport proteins
regulatory proteins
storage proteins
structural proteins

structural proteins

Proteins in our skin, hair, and nails are called what
Storage proteins
regulatory proteins
structural proteins
transport proteins

structural proteins

What atoms are connected by a peptide bond?
sugars
nucleotides
amino acids
glycerol

amino acids

Amino acids are the ______ of proteins

building blocks

There are _______ different amino acids in nature

20

All amino acids include five basic parts

a central carbon atom
a hydrogen atom
an amino group
a carboxyl group
an r group or side chain

The r group is what makes

each amino acid unique

Side chains contain mainly ___ ______ ____ atoms

hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

and some amino acids have sulfur or nitrogen in their r groups

essential amino acids

amino acids that our body cannot make on its own

nonessential amino acids

amino acids that our bodies can synthesize

There are ___ essential and ___ nonessential amino acids

10,10

The amino acid Arginine is a special case why?

Because adults can synthesize it but babies cannot
so arginine is an essential amino acid only for babies

Heterotrophs

organisms that eat other organisms to get energy

Autotrohps

organisms that are able to survive by making their own food

What are the only autotrophs that we know of

plants and algae

Bacteria are ______ and _______

heterotrophs and fungi

Fungi break down dead and decaying organsims which makes them

dtritivores

Herbivores

consumers that eat only producers

Carnivores

eat only other consumers

Omnivores

eat both producers and consumers

What are autotrophs?
Organisms that produce their own food.
Organisms that consume other organisms.
All other organisms besides plants and some algae.
All other organisms besides humans and some animals.

Organisms that produce their own food.

What is a detritivore?
An organism that consumes living producers.
An organism that consumes both living producers and consumers.
An organism that consumes other living consumers.
An organism that consumes dead and decaying material.

An organism that consumes dead and decaying material.

What is another name for a heterotroph?
A self-feeder
A producer
Autotrophs
An 'other feeder'

An 'other feeder'