BBH 310 Exam 1

5 ways of knowing

• Authority

• Folk wisdom/peers

• Induction

• Deduction

• Intuition

Authority way of knowing

Conformity of powerful person/group

Folk wisdom/peers way of knowing

Cultural beliefs and info from other not in position of authority

Induction way of knowing

Empiricism or experience → finding patterns from observation

Deduction way of knowing

Logic → specific conclusions, multiple premises, predictions

Intuition way of knowing

“Gut feeling” or unconscious feeling

hindsight bias

tendency to claim we would have predicted outcome beforehand → “I knew it all along”

confirmation bias

only see what you want to see

availability heuristic

assessing future events based on info. easily recalled

inductive

conclusion require evidence → science is observation

deductive

assumption generate predictions

What are the four goals of science?

1. description

2. prediction

3. causality

4. explanation

temporal precedence

cause comes before the behavior

covariation of cause and effect

cause present, effect occurs; cause not present, effect do NOT occur

basic research

answers fundamental questions, WHY is this important

applied research

examines impact day-to-day, practical problems, potential solutions

Applied or basic research?

Which strategies are best for coping with climate change?

applied

Applied or basic research?

How do neurons generate neurotransmitters?

basic

Applied or basic research?

How do we process visual images?

basic

Applied or basic research?

What role does gender play in the relationship between stress and cardiovascular health?

basic

Applied or basic research?

How can a city increase the utilization of bike paths by residents?

applied

What are the 8 steps of the research process?

1. identify the problem

2. review literature

3. clarify problem

4. clearly define terms/concepts

5. define population

6. develop method

7. collect data

8. analyze data

proof vs evidence

• proof is 100% conclusive, no doubt

• evidence leads to strong belief

falsification

prove assumptions wrong

What 3 things did the pellegra example tell us?

• randomized control experiment

• signified science distrust

• falsification

research question vs hypothesis

• research question - specific query about relationship among variables

• hypothesis - educated prediction that answers research

What is the acronym used to develop a good research question?

• F - feasible

• I - interesting

• N - novel

• E - ethical

• R - revelant

What is the framework used to construct a research question?

• P - population

• I - intervention/indicator

• C - comparison

• O - outcome

• T - time

summaries of previous research on a topic

narrative review

narrative lit review

simple description of research studies on a topic

systematic lit review

researchers use clearly defined, systematic methods of searching to obtain all available research

meta-analysis

researchers used statistical processes to analyze and combine results

theory articles

articles that summarize and integrates research about a theory → NEW framework

empirical articles

researcher conducted experiment to answer research question

difference between primary and secondary

• primary - material are firsthand, NEW

• secondary - summarize, describe old sources

What are the 5 sections of empirical research articles?

1. abstract

2. introduction

3. methods

4. results

5. discussion

What was the article by Popper about?

• argues what differentiates science from non-science is NOT verification, but falsification

• scientific theories can never be proven true, CAN be proven false

According to Popper, what’s the difference between falsification and verification?

• falsification - theory is scientific if tested in a way that shows it to be false

• verification - theory is scientific if confirmed or supported by observations

What did the Bokma et al 2020 article ask about?

Can we predict 2-year recovery in people with anxiety disorders, using a wide range of baseline clinical, psychological, sociodemographic, biological, and lifestyle markers, via a machine learning model?

Who made up the Boker et al 2020 sample?

current anxiety patients in the Netherlands

What was the outcome of Boker et al 2020?

55% recovered from anxiety disorder and 40.8% recovered from all common mental disorders

What did the Thurston & Kubzansky 2009 article investigate?

whether loneliness is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease

What were the results of Thurston & Kubzansky 2009 article?

• women - high loneliness, high risk of CHD

• men - no association between loneliness and CHD

When did the follow up occur in Thurston & Kubzansky 2009 article?

19 years

According to Rothchild, what is the difference between induction and deduction?

• induction - forming generalizations from specific observations (specific → general)

• deduction - reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions (general → specific)

What did Goldberg do to show falsification in the pellegra example?

• took fecal matter of people with pellegra and ate it for dinner

• didn’t get pellegra, proved vitamin deficiency NOT viral transmission

What was the control in the pellgra case example?

controlled for germs and sanitary conditions (isolated each prisoner)

Pro of authoritative way of knowing (2)

• easy to acquire

• often standardized

Cons of authoritative way of knowing (2)

• sometimes inaccurate

• motive of authority

Pros of induction

based on real events in the world

Cons of induction (2)

• perception can be biased and limited

• unable to observe everything leading to inaccuracy

Pros of deduction

• precise and conclusive statements

• allows for predictions

Cons of deduction

sometimes, premise (accepted statement) is not true

Pros of intuition

• does not require mental resources

• good for split-second decisons

Cons of intuition (2)

• not trackable

• inaccurate due to stress

Pros of folk wisdom/peer influence (2)

• easy to aquire

• enhance group cohesion through talk of wisdom

Cons of folk wisdom

inaccurate and contradictory

PICOT - P

population - who or what is the patient or population being studied

PICOT - I

invention/indicator - treatment group or measurement level that may drive some effect of an outcome

PICOT - C

comparison - what you plan on using as a reference group (control)

PICOT - O

outcome - what variables do you plan on measuring to examine effects of intervention

PICOT - T

time - duration of study/data collection

What makes a good research question?

clear, focused, concise, arguable

What did outcome measure did Huber et al. 2022 examine?

reviewer decision

What were the two conditions of Huber et al. 2022?

high status name vs low status name on same article

Which way of knowing did Huber et al. 2022 illustrate?

authorative way of knowing

What type of source is a literature review?

secondary

What is psuedoscience?

collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly

How did the ghost example make it psuedoscientific?

• based on vibes

• no control

• no blinding

• pre-test