The total number of people divided by the total land area.
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Physiological Density
total amount of people per unit of arable land
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Agricultural Density
amount of farmers per unit of arable land
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Fertility
ability to reproduce
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Mortality
death
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Rate of Natural Increase (NIR)
The percentage by which a population grows in a year
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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
yearly births/ 1000 people in the population
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Crude Death Rate (CDR)
yearly deaths/ 1000 people in the population
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Average amount of children a woman will have ages 15-49
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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Amount of deaths of infants (under 1 yr) per 1000 births
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Population Pyramids
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
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age structure
number of males and females of each age in a population
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Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
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Dependancy Ratio
ratio of People ages 15-65 (work age) to people not in that age range
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replacement level
fertility rate to keep a population consistent
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population doubling time
The number of years it takes a population to double
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aging population
When the percentage of the population that is age 65 and older is increasing relative to other age groups.
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Urbinization
When cities grow and develop
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Overpopulation
A population that exceeds carrying capacity
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Demographic Transition
changes in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
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DTM Stage 1: High Stationary
Shows before Industrial rev and improved healthcare; lower LE and higher DR
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DTM Stage 2: Early Expanding
BR stays consitent, DR decreases due to industrialization.
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DTM Stage 3: Late Expanding
Rapidly declining CBR, slightly declining CDR
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DTM Stage 4: Low Stationary
Low CBR and CDR
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DTM stage 5: Declining
CDR staying about the same, CBR still decreasing leading to population decline
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carrying capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
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Malthus Theory
Theory that states that the world's population will increase forever, saying that at a certain point (crisis point) there will be a strain on recourses, specifically food
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Neo-Malthusians
People that believe that the crisis that Malthus predicted could still occur in the future
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Boserup Hypothesis
As the population increases, humans will find ways to distribute and produce resources to the growing populations (specifically with agriculture as can be seen in the development of mechanized farming)
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The J-Curve
a curve showing exponential population growth
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Pandemic
A worldwide disease, that threatens all people no matter where they live
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Epedimiologic Transition Model
Shows changing death rates over time focusing primarily on the effects that disease has on population
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ETM Stage 1: Famine
Infectious disease and animal attacks main cause of death; High changing MR and low LE
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ETM Stage 2: Receding Pandemics
Death caused by mainly pandemics and diseases, but better sanitation, nutrition, and medicine causes decrease in infections; higher LE (abt. 30-50 years) and lower DR
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ETM Stage 3: Degenerative and Human-Created Disease
Less infectious disease infections, more chronic disease associated w/ aging; higher LE and lower DR
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ETM Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Disease
Healthcare improvments reduce/delay aging related diseases; LE is at its peak
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ETM Stage 5: Reemerging Infectious Disease
Since people now live so close together in urban areas due to population increase, diseases spread faster; LE decreases and DR increases
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antinatalist policy
A policy implemented by the government to lower birth rates. This could be seen as taxing people with more children, forced sterilization, etc.
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pronatalist policy
A government policy to raise birth rates. To do this, they may make it cheaper to have kids (free daycare), use propaganda showing happy large families, etc
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Note: Propaganda is important in both pronatalist and antinatalist policies
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Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another.
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Migration
A permanent move from one place to another
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Emigration
Migration away from a location
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Immigration
Migration to a new location
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Net migration
Difference between amount of emigrants and amount of immigrants in a defined region/area
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Push Factor
A negative reason for leaving a location
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Pull Factor
A positive reason to go to another location
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Transnational Migration
When an immigrant still has strong cultural, emotional, or financial ties to their origin country
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Internal Migration
Migration within a country
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Voluntary Migration
When people willingly relocate to a new location
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Transhumance
International migration when nomads (people who move herds between higher and lower elevations depending on the season) cross the borders of a country in their movements.
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family-based migration (chain migration)
When people migrate because people from their community have done so
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Step Migration
Smaller moves that lead up to a final destination
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intervening obstacle
an occurrence preventing or slowing a migrants journey
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Intervening Opportunity
An opportunity that occurs before a migrant reaches their destinations that causes them to willingly pause their journey
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Rural-urban migration
the movement of people from rural to urban areas
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Guest Workers
People who migrate to a new country as a temporary laborer
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Circular Migration
When migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs
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Forced Migration
People who migrate due to extreme push factors
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Refugee
A person who has been forced to flee their country for fear of their life
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Asylum
Right to protection in a new country
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Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
Someone who has been forced to leave their home but are still within their country's borders
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Human Trafficking
The illegal trade of human beings, a modern-day form of slavery, typically for labor, sexual exploitation or domestic servitude
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Skill Gap
Not enough people trained for a certain kind of job
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Remittances
money that is earned in another country that is sent back to a home country
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Interregional Migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.
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Intraregional Migration
Migration within a region
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Xenophobia
fear/hatred of foreigners
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Quota
Limit on amount of immigrants can enter a country annually
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Brain Drain
the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries
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Return Migrant
Someone that has migrated back to their country of origin
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counter migration
each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction
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Fecundity
The ability to have children
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S-curve
Traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph. It is important to geography because it helps show the natural increase in population.
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Gasterbeiter
A person given permission to temporarily work in another country, particularly Germany
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Ecumene
The living space of humans on Earth’s surface
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Amnesty programs
Programs allowing undocumented immigrants the opportunity to apply for official status or citizenship without facing arrest or deportation
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Cyclic movement
Movement repeated annually or seasonally with a closed route
Studied by 17 people
Note 
Flashcard (34)