AP Human Geography Unit 2

Distribution

The way something is spread out over an area

population density

Amount of people located in a unit of land

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

total amount of people per unit of arable land

Agricultural Density

amount of farmers per unit of arable land

Fertility

ability to reproduce

Mortality

death

Rate of Natural Increase (NIR)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

yearly births/ 1000 people in the population

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

yearly deaths/ 1000 people in the population

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average amount of children a woman will have ages 15-49

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Amount of deaths of infants (under 1 yr) per 1000 births

Population Pyramids

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

age structure

number of males and females of each age in a population

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Dependancy Ratio

ratio of People ages 15-65 (work age) to people not in that age range

replacement level

fertility rate to keep a population consistent

population doubling time

The number of years it takes a population to double

aging population

When the percentage of the population that is age 65 and older is increasing relative to other age groups.

Urbinization

When cities grow and develop

Overpopulation

A population that exceeds carrying capacity

Demographic Transition

changes in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

DTM Stage 1: High Stationary

Shows before Industrial rev and improved healthcare; lower LE and higher DR

DTM Stage 2: Early Expanding

BR stays consitent, DR decreases due to industrialization.

DTM Stage 3: Late Expanding

Rapidly declining CBR, slightly declining CDR

DTM Stage 4: Low Stationary

Low CBR and CDR

DTM stage 5: Declining

CDR staying about the same, CBR still decreasing leading to population decline

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Malthus Theory

Theory that states that the world's population will increase forever, saying that at a certain point (crisis point) there will be a strain on recourses, specifically food

Neo-Malthusians

People that believe that the crisis that Malthus predicted could still occur in the future

Boserup Hypothesis

As the population increases, humans will find ways to distribute and produce resources to the growing populations (specifically with agriculture as can be seen in the development of mechanized farming)

The J-Curve

a curve showing exponential population growth

Pandemic

A worldwide disease, that threatens all people no matter where they live

Epedimiologic Transition Model

Shows changing death rates over time focusing primarily on the effects that disease has on population

ETM Stage 1: Famine

Infectious disease and animal attacks main cause of death; High changing MR and low LE

ETM Stage 2: Receding Pandemics

Death caused by mainly pandemics and diseases, but better sanitation, nutrition, and medicine causes decrease in infections; higher LE (abt. 30-50 years) and lower DR

ETM Stage 3: Degenerative and Human-Created Disease

Less infectious disease infections, more chronic disease associated w/ aging; higher LE and lower DR

ETM Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Disease

Healthcare improvments reduce/delay aging related diseases; LE is at its peak

ETM Stage 5: Reemerging Infectious Disease

Since people now live so close together in urban areas due to population increase, diseases spread faster; LE decreases and DR increases

antinatalist policy

A policy implemented by the government to lower birth rates. This could be seen as taxing people with more children, forced sterilization, etc.

pronatalist policy

A government policy to raise birth rates. To do this, they may make it cheaper to have kids (free daycare), use propaganda showing happy large families, etc

Note: Propaganda is important in both pronatalist and antinatalist policies

Mobility

All types of movement from one location to another.

Migration

A permanent move from one place to another

Emigration

Migration away from a location

Immigration

Migration to a new location

Net migration

Difference between amount of emigrants and amount of immigrants in a defined region/area

Push Factor

A negative reason for leaving a location

Pull Factor

A positive reason to go to another location

Transnational Migration

When an immigrant still has strong cultural, emotional, or financial ties to their origin country

Internal Migration

Migration within a country

Voluntary Migration

When people willingly relocate to a new location

Transhumance

International migration when nomads (people who move herds between higher and lower elevations depending on the season) cross the borders of a country in their movements.

family-based migration (chain migration)

When people migrate because people from their community have done so

Step Migration

Smaller moves that lead up to a final destination

intervening obstacle

an occurrence preventing or slowing a migrants journey

Intervening Opportunity

An opportunity that occurs before a migrant reaches their destinations that causes them to willingly pause their journey

Rural-urban migration

the movement of people from rural to urban areas

Guest Workers

People who migrate to a new country as a temporary laborer

Circular Migration

When migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs

Forced Migration

People who migrate due to extreme push factors

Refugee

A person who has been forced to flee their country for fear of their life

Asylum

Right to protection in a new country

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to leave their home but are still within their country's borders

Human Trafficking

The illegal trade of human beings, a modern-day form of slavery, typically for labor, sexual exploitation or domestic servitude

Skill Gap

Not enough people trained for a certain kind of job

Remittances

money that is earned in another country that is sent back to a home country

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

Intraregional Migration

Migration within a region

Xenophobia

fear/hatred of foreigners

Quota

Limit on amount of immigrants can enter a country annually

Brain Drain

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

Return Migrant

Someone that has migrated back to their country of origin

counter migration

each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction

Fecundity

The ability to have children

S-curve

Traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph. It is important to geography because it helps show the natural increase in population.

Gasterbeiter

A person given permission to temporarily work in another country, particularly Germany

Ecumene

The living space of humans on Earth’s surface

Amnesty programs

Programs allowing undocumented immigrants the opportunity to apply for official status or citizenship without facing arrest or deportation

Cyclic movement

Movement repeated annually or seasonally with a closed route