Studied by 14 people
Distribution
The way something is spread out over an area
population density
Amount of people located in a unit of land
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Physiological Density
total amount of people per unit of arable land
Agricultural Density
amount of farmers per unit of arable land
Fertility
ability to reproduce
Mortality
death
Rate of Natural Increase (NIR)
The percentage by which a population grows in a year
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
yearly births/ 1000 people in the population
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
yearly deaths/ 1000 people in the population
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Average amount of children a woman will have ages 15-49
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Amount of deaths of infants (under 1 yr) per 1000 births
Population Pyramids
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
age structure
number of males and females of each age in a population
Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Dependancy Ratio
ratio of People ages 15-65 (work age) to people not in that age range
replacement level
fertility rate to keep a population consistent
population doubling time
The number of years it takes a population to double
aging population
When the percentage of the population that is age 65 and older is increasing relative to other age groups.
Urbinization
When cities grow and develop
Overpopulation
A population that exceeds carrying capacity
Demographic Transition
changes in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
DTM Stage 1: High Stationary
Shows before Industrial rev and improved healthcare; lower LE and higher DR
DTM Stage 2: Early Expanding
BR stays consitent, DR decreases due to industrialization.
DTM Stage 3: Late Expanding
Rapidly declining CBR, slightly declining CDR
DTM Stage 4: Low Stationary
Low CBR and CDR
DTM stage 5: Declining
CDR staying about the same, CBR still decreasing leading to population decline
carrying capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
Malthus Theory
Theory that states that the world's population will increase forever, saying that at a certain point (crisis point) there will be a strain on recourses, specifically food
Neo-Malthusians
People that believe that the crisis that Malthus predicted could still occur in the future
Boserup Hypothesis
As the population increases, humans will find ways to distribute and produce resources to the growing populations (specifically with agriculture as can be seen in the development of mechanized farming)
The J-Curve
a curve showing exponential population growth
Pandemic
A worldwide disease, that threatens all people no matter where they live
Epedimiologic Transition Model
Shows changing death rates over time focusing primarily on the effects that disease has on population
ETM Stage 1: Famine
Infectious disease and animal attacks main cause of death; High changing MR and low LE
ETM Stage 2: Receding Pandemics
Death caused by mainly pandemics and diseases, but better sanitation, nutrition, and medicine causes decrease in infections; higher LE (abt. 30-50 years) and lower DR
ETM Stage 3: Degenerative and Human-Created Disease
Less infectious disease infections, more chronic disease associated w/ aging; higher LE and lower DR
ETM Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Disease
Healthcare improvments reduce/delay aging related diseases; LE is at its peak
ETM Stage 5: Reemerging Infectious Disease
Since people now live so close together in urban areas due to population increase, diseases spread faster; LE decreases and DR increases
antinatalist policy
A policy implemented by the government to lower birth rates. This could be seen as taxing people with more children, forced sterilization, etc.
pronatalist policy
A government policy to raise birth rates. To do this, they may make it cheaper to have kids (free daycare), use propaganda showing happy large families, etc
Note: Propaganda is important in both pronatalist and antinatalist policies
Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another.
Migration
A permanent move from one place to another
Emigration
Migration away from a location
Immigration
Migration to a new location
Net migration
Difference between amount of emigrants and amount of immigrants in a defined region/area
Push Factor
A negative reason for leaving a location
Pull Factor
A positive reason to go to another location
Transnational Migration
When an immigrant still has strong cultural, emotional, or financial ties to their origin country
Internal Migration
Migration within a country
Voluntary Migration
When people willingly relocate to a new location
Transhumance
International migration when nomads (people who move herds between higher and lower elevations depending on the season) cross the borders of a country in their movements.
family-based migration (chain migration)
When people migrate because people from their community have done so
Step Migration
Smaller moves that lead up to a final destination
intervening obstacle
an occurrence preventing or slowing a migrants journey
Intervening Opportunity
An opportunity that occurs before a migrant reaches their destinations that causes them to willingly pause their journey
Rural-urban migration
the movement of people from rural to urban areas
Guest Workers
People who migrate to a new country as a temporary laborer
Circular Migration
When migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs
Forced Migration
People who migrate due to extreme push factors
Refugee
A person who has been forced to flee their country for fear of their life
Asylum
Right to protection in a new country
Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
Someone who has been forced to leave their home but are still within their country's borders
Human Trafficking
The illegal trade of human beings, a modern-day form of slavery, typically for labor, sexual exploitation or domestic servitude
Skill Gap
Not enough people trained for a certain kind of job
Remittances
money that is earned in another country that is sent back to a home country
Interregional Migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.
Intraregional Migration
Migration within a region
Xenophobia
fear/hatred of foreigners
Quota
Limit on amount of immigrants can enter a country annually
Brain Drain
the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries
Return Migrant
Someone that has migrated back to their country of origin
counter migration
each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction
Fecundity
The ability to have children
S-curve
Traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph. It is important to geography because it helps show the natural increase in population.
Gasterbeiter
A person given permission to temporarily work in another country, particularly Germany
Ecumene
The living space of humans on Earth’s surface
Amnesty programs
Programs allowing undocumented immigrants the opportunity to apply for official status or citizenship without facing arrest or deportation
Cyclic movement
Movement repeated annually or seasonally with a closed route
Note 
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