Period 7 Vocab

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote in the United States.

20th Amendment

Moved the presidential inauguration date from March 4 to January 20.

Abrams v. U.S.

Supreme Court case that upheld the Espionage Act and limited free speech during wartime.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

Supreme Court case that invalidated a minimum wage law for women, arguing it violated freedom of contract.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

New Deal agency aimed at boosting agricultural prices by reducing production.

Al Smith

Four-time governor of New York and first Catholic to run for president (1928).

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

Organization founded in 1920 to protect individual rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution.

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover; promoted tax cuts for the wealthy.

Anti-Imperialist League

Organization formed in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines following the Spanish-American War.

Anti-Saloon League

Prohibitionist organization that advocated for the banning of alcohol.

"Arsenal of Democracy"

Term coined by President Roosevelt to describe the U.S. role in providing weapons to Allied nations during WWII.

Ashcan School of Painting

Art movement in the early 20th century focusing on realistic depictions of urban life.

Atlantic Charter (1941)

Agreement between the U.S. and Britain outlining post-WWII goals, including self-determination and economic cooperation.

Battle of the Bulge (1944-45)

Last major German offensive in WWII, which took place in Belgium and Luxembourg.

Battle of Midway (1942)

Turning point in the Pacific Theater of WWII, where the U.S. defeated Japan.

Bretton Woods Conference (1944)

Meeting that established the World Bank and International Monetary Fund to promote global economic stability.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI veterans who marched to Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand early payment of military bonuses.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Chinese nationalist uprising against foreign influence in China, including the U.S.

"Big Stick" Policy

Theodore Roosevelt's approach to foreign policy, emphasizing military power as a deterrent.

Cash-and-carry

Policy that allowed belligerent nations to purchase goods from the U.S. during WWII if they paid in cash and transported them.

Causes of the Great Depression

Included stock market speculation, bank failures, agricultural overproduction, and income inequality.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that provided jobs in environmental conservation and public works.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)

Strengthened antitrust laws and legalized strikes and boycotts.

Committee on Public Information

Government agency created during WWI to promote pro-war propaganda.

D-Day (1944)

Allied invasion of Normandy, France, during WWII, marking a turning point in the war.

Dawes Plan of 1924

Plan to stabilize the German economy after WWI by rescheduling reparations and providing loans.

De Lôme Letter (1898)

A private letter from the Spanish ambassador criticizing President McKinley, which fueled anti-Spanish sentiment in the U.S.

"Dollar Diplomacy"

President Taft's foreign policy of using economic power to influence Latin American and East Asian countries.

Dust Bowl

Severe drought in the 1930s that devastated farming in the Great Plains.

Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933)

Legislation passed during the New Deal to stabilize the U.S. banking system.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Proposed amendment to the Constitution guaranteeing equal rights for women, never ratified.

Espionage Act (1917) & Sedition Act (1918)

Laws that punished anti-war speech and activities during WWI.

Executive Order 9066 (1942)

Authorized the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.

Fourteen Points (1918)

President Wilson’s proposal for post-WWI peace, including the creation of the League of Nations.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Created by the New Deal to insure bank deposits and restore confidence in the banking system.

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Established the Federal Reserve System to regulate the nation's money supply and financial institutions.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Established to monitor and prevent unfair business practices and promote competition.

Fireside Chats

Roosevelt's radio broadcasts aimed at informing and reassuring the American public during the Great Depression.

First "Hundred Days"

The first 100 days of Roosevelt’s presidency, where he enacted a series of New Deal programs to address the Depression.

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

Mexican revolutionary leader who fought against both the Mexican government and U.S. interests.

Glass-Steagall Act (1933)

Established the FDIC and separated commercial and investment banking to prevent excessive risk-taking.

George Creel

Head of the Committee on Public Information, responsible for mobilizing public opinion during WWI.

"Gentlemen's Agreement" (1908)

Agreement between the U.S. and Japan to limit Japanese immigration.

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban North during the early 20th century.

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural movement in the 1920s that celebrated African American literature, art, and music.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

Raised U.S. tariffs on imported goods, exacerbating the Great Depression.

Henry Ford

Founder of Ford Motor Company, revolutionized manufacturing with the assembly line and mass production.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns named derisively after President Hoover, where the unemployed lived during the Great Depression.

Huey Long

Louisiana governor and senator who advocated for wealth redistribution and a "Share Our Wealth" program.

Hiroshima (1945)

Japanese city where the U.S. dropped the first atomic bomb during WWII.

Insular Cases (1901)

Supreme Court rulings that determined the status of U.S. territories acquired in the Spanish-American War.

Island-hopping strategy

WWII strategy by the U.S. to capture strategic islands in the Pacific and bypass others to get closer to Japan.

IWW ("Wobblies")

Industrial Workers of the World, a radical labor organization that advocated for workers' rights.

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Scientific director of the Manhattan Project, responsible for developing the atomic bomb.

John Maynard Keynes

Economist who advocated for government intervention to manage economic cycles and stimulate demand during recessions.

John Muir

Naturalist and conservationist, founder of the Sierra Club, who played a key role in the establishment of national parks.

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)

Supreme Court case that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII, later criticized and overturned.

League of Nations

International organization formed after WWI to promote peace and cooperation, the U.S. did not join.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

Allowed the U.S. to provide military aid to Allied nations during WWII, without direct involvement.

Lochner v. U.S. (1905)

Supreme Court case that struck down a law limiting bakers' working hours, citing economic liberty.

Manhattan Project

U.S. project to develop the atomic bomb during WWII.

Marcus Garvey & UNIA

Leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, which promoted African American pride and self-reliance.

Margaret Sanger

Birth control activist and founder of the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Required federal inspection of meat products to ensure sanitary conditions.

"Moral Diplomacy"

President Wilson’s foreign policy promoting democracy and human rights, particularly in Latin America.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption, social injustices, and the abuses of power during the Progressive Era.

Munich Agreement/ Munich Accord (1938)

Agreement between Britain, France, and Germany allowing Hitler to annex part of Czechoslovakia, seen as appeasement.

Nagasaki (1945)

Japanese city where the U.S. dropped the second atomic bomb, leading to Japan's surrender in WWII.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

New Deal law aimed at promoting industrial recovery and improving labor conditions, later declared unconstitutional.

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act, 1935)

Strengthened the rights of workers to organize and bargain collectively.

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

Government agency created to enforce labor laws and protect workers' rights.

New Deal

Roosevelt’s program to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937

Laws aimed at preventing U.S. involvement in foreign wars by restricting arms sales and loans.

Northern Securities Co. v. U.S. (1904)

Supreme Court case that broke up a monopoly created by railroad companies.

"Okies"

Term used to describe farmers displaced by the Dust Bowl who migrated westward, particularly to California.

"On-margin" buying

Practice of borrowing money to purchase stocks, contributing to the stock market crash of 1929.

Operation Torch (1942)

Allied invasion of North Africa during WWII.

Palmer Raids (1919-1920)

U.S. government raids aimed at suppressing suspected radical leftists and anarchists after WWI.

Panic of 1907

Financial panic that led to bank runs and the eventual creation of the Federal Reserve.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)

Tariff law that raised tariffs on some goods and reduced them on others, sparking controversy.

Pearl Harbor (1941)

Surprise Japanese attack on a U.S. naval base in Hawaii, leading to U.S. entry into WWII.

Platt Amendment (1901)

U.S. law that restricted Cuban sovereignty and established a U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Potsdam Conference (1945)

Meeting between Allied leaders in Germany to discuss post-WWII issues and the fate of Germany.

Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)

Law that required accurate labeling of food and drugs and banned harmful substances in them.

Queen Liliuokalani

Last queen of Hawaii, who was overthrown in a coup supported by U.S. interests.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Government agency created during the Great Depression to provide loans to struggling businesses and banks.

Red Scare

Period of fear of communism and radical leftism in the U.S., particularly after WWI and during the early Cold War.

Robert La Follette

Progressive governor of Wisconsin and later senator, known for reforms in labor, antitrust, and electoral processes.

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting that the U.S. could intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.

Sacco & Vanzetti Trial (1921)

Trial of two Italian immigrants who were convicted of murder despite weak evidence, highlighting anti-immigrant sentiment.

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

Supreme Court case that upheld the conviction of a man for distributing anti-draft leaflets during WWI, limiting free speech.

Scopes Trial (1925)

Trial over the teaching of evolution in schools, symbolizing the conflict between science and religion.

"Second" New Deal

Roosevelt’s second wave of programs in 1935-36 that focused on social welfare and labor rights.

Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)

Agency created to regulate the stock market and protect investors after the Great Depression.

Selective Service Act (1940)

Law that instituted the first peacetime draft in U.S. history to prepare for WWII.

Social Security Act (1935)

New Deal law that established a system of retirement pensions, unemployment insurance, and welfare for the elderly.

Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918

Global influenza outbreak that killed millions, contributing to post-WWI social and economic instability.

"Square Deal"

Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program focused on fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Scandal involving the leasing of federal oil reserves to private companies during the Harding administration.

Tehran Conference (1943)

Meeting of Allied leaders to plan the next phase of WWII and discuss post-war strategies.