combined set block 1

82.The abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by passing one horizontal and one vertical line through the

A. patellar region.

B. umbilicus.

C. antebrachial region.

D. gluteal region.

E. crural region.

B

The joint just proximal to the knee is which one of these?

A. Hip

B. Spine

C. Ankle

A

53.The bones of the vertebral column form a cavity called the

A. nervous system passageway.

B. abdominal cavity.

C. spinal cavity.

D. vertebral canal.

D

45. A(n) _______ plane separates the body into superior and inferior parts.

A. transverse

B. oblique

C. sagittal

D. coronal

E. frontaL

A

1. The word "anatomy" comes from

A. Latin and means "to be born."

B. Hebrew and means "shape."

C. Greek and means "to cut apart."

D. German and means "body. "

E. Italian and means "form."

C

2. Anatomy is the study of

A. stars.

B. function.

C. sharp tools.

D. structure and form.

E. word histories.

D

4. A scientist who describes the layers of the heart wall and their relationship to the surrounding pericardium would be a(n)

A. anatomist.

B. physiologist.

C. pathologist.

D. pulmonologist.

A

5. ______ anatomy examines both superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them.

A. Regional

B. Surface

C. Radiographic

D. Surgical

E. Systemic

B

6. The discipline known as _____________ anatomy examines similarities and differences across species.

Comparative

7. Which branch of microscopic anatomy is the study of tissues?

A. Histology

B. Cytology

C. Embryology

D. Developmental anatomy

E. Surgical anatomy

A

9. Gross anatomy refers to the study of

A. cells.

B. structures formed by cells.

C. structures not visible to the unaided eye.

D. structures visible to the unaided eye.

E. nasal secretions.

D

10. The anatomic changes that result from disease are studied under

A. pathologic anatomy.

B. systemic anatomy.

C. histology.

D. surgical anatomy.

E. developmental anatomy.

A

11. The two main divisions of microscopic anatomy are

A. embryology and parasitology.

B. cytology and histology.

C. comparative anatomy and pathological anatomy.

D. neurobiology and surface anatomy.

B

12. When medical students study all of the structures in a particular area of the body as a unit (for example, all the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves of the leg), that approach is called

A. surface anatomy.

B. comparative anatomy.

C. popliteal physiology.

D. regional anatomy.

E. systemic anatomy.

D

13. The scientific discipline that studies the functions of body structures is

A. anatomy.

B. physiology.

C. astronomy.

D. anthropology.

E. archaeology.

B

14. Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one?

A. The muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily.

B. The walls of blood capillaries are composed of a thin epithelium.

C. The muscles of the thigh are composed of skeletal muscle tissue.

D. There are fenestrations (openings) in the epithelial cells of capillary walls.

E. The esophageal wall includes a middle layer of dense irregular connective tissue.

A

16. The discipline that studies the functions of the nervous system, including the way that impulses are conducted, is known as __________.

Neurophysiology

17. The discipline that associates changes in organ system function with disease or injury is known as ____________.

Pathophysiology

18. Respiratory physiology is primarily the study of

A. cell shape within the alveoli of the lungs.

B. the branching pattern of the small airways of the lungs.

C. the tissue composition of the airways, air sacs, and blood vessels.

D. how gases are transferred between the lungs and the blood vessels supplying them.

D

19.The large surface area of the inside of the small intestine means that this structure is

A. well adapted for its physiological role in absorption.

B. derived from an embryological structure that served a different function.

C. anatomically complex but physiologically simple.

D. maladaptive in that it harbors bacteria.

A

22. The mechanism by which the body propels food through the digestive tract is primarily a topic of study for

A. anatomists.

B. physiologists.

B

Choose the statement that best exemplifies the interrelated nature of anatomy and physiology.

A. The ovaries are involved in the production of gametes as well as the production of hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle.

B. Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where filtration and diffusion occur.

C. The iris of the eye consists of two layers of smooth muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

D. The stomach is involved in mechanical and chemical digestion, and secretes many enzymes as well as hormones.

B

How would an anatomist describe the bladder?

A. The internal folds and transitional epithelium allow the bladder to stretch without risking rupture of its wall

B. The bladder wall contains a transitional enithelium and several lavers of smooth muscle.

C. The main function of the bladder is to store urine.

D. The muscular wall of the bladder contracts to help void urine.

B

23. The term that refers to the ability of organisms to react to changes in the environment is

A. responsiveness.

B. reproduction.

C. metabolism.

D. development.

E. organization.

A

24. The various chemical reactions that organisms carry out are collectively called

A. reproduction.

B. homeostasis.

C. metabolism.

D. responsiveness.

E. development.

C

26. The category of reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones is known as

A. anabolism.

B. catabolism.

C. synthesis.

D. homeostasis.

E. enzymatic.

B

27. The group of metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to form larger ones is ___________.

anabolism or

anabolic or

anabolic reactions

28. The smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of living things is

A. an organ.

B. an individual.

C. tissue.

D. a cell.

E. a system.

D

29. Which level consists of related organs that work to achieve a common function?

A. Organ system level

B. Cellular level

C. Tissue level

D. Chemical level

E. Organ level

A

30. At what level of organization is a tooth?

A. Tissue level

B. Cell level

C. Organ level

D. System level

E. Atomic level

C

31. Which of the following statements accurately describes the organization of structures?

A. Organs are made up of tissues, which are made up of cells, which are made up of organelles and molecules.

B. Tissues are made up of organs, which are made up of cells, which are made up of individual atoms.

C. Organisms are made up of tissues, which are made up of organ systems, which are made up of DNA.

D. Organ systems are made up of cells, which are made up of tissues, which are made up of organelles.

E. Organs are made up of cells, which are made up of atoms, which are made up of molecules.

A

34. Specialized subunits of cells that are made of macromolecules are called __________.

Organelles

35. Which system is responsible for providing protection, regulating body temperature, and being the site of cutaneous receptors?

A. Respiratory

B. Muscular

C. Integumentary

D. Urinary

E. Nervous

C

36. The body system that provides support and protection as well as being a site of blood cell production (hemopoiesis) is the ____________ system.

A. skeletal

B. muscular

C. cardiovascular

D. respiratory

E. lymphatic

A

37. The system responsible for the exchange of gases between the blood and atmospheric air is the _____________ system.

A. urinary

B. respiratory

C. cardiovascular

D. endocrine

E. nervous

B

38. The organ system that transports and filters interstitial fluid while also participating in immune responses is the __________ system.

Lymphatic

39. The pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are typically grouped within the __________ system.

Endocrine

40. Which describes the anatomic position?

A. Body is upright.

B. Palms are facing forward.

C. Thumbs point away from the body.

D. Feet are flat on the floor.

E. All of these apply.

E

43. The word _____ implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body.

A. section

B. plane

C. direction

D. tangent

E. figure

B

44.A plane that passes through the structure at an angle is called

A. frontal.

B. coronal.

C. oblique.

D. sagittal.

E. transverse.

C

46. Which best defines "superficial"?

A. On the inside

B. On the outside

C. Toward the end of an appendage

D. Close to the attachment of the appendage to the trunk

E. At the head end

B

In terms of anatomic directional terms, the heart is considered ___ to the sternum.

A. distal.

B. inferior.

C. anterior.

D. posterior.

D

47.The directional term that means "away from the midline of the body" is

A. inferior.

B. superior.

C. medial.

D. lateral.

E. caudal.

D

48. The directional term that means "closest to the point of attachment to the trunk" is

A. distal.

B. proximal.

C. medial.

D. cephalic.

E. dorsal.

B

49. The directional term that means "in back of" or "toward the back surface" is

A. posterior.

B. caudal.

C. cephalic.

D. anterior.

E. proximal.

A

50.The best term for referring to the rear or "tail end" is

A. caudal.

B. cephalic.

C. inferior.

D. superior.

E. lateral.

A

The correct anatomic directional term for "at the back side of the human body" is

A. distal.

B. caudal.

C. ventral

D. dorsal

D

51. The head, neck, and trunk make up the ______ region of the body.

A. appendicular

B. axial

C. cephalic

D. caudal

E. thoracic

B

52. The cranial cavity houses the

A. eyeball.

B. ear canals.

C. brain.

D. spinal cord.

E. nasal structures.

C

54. The axillary region is ______ to the pectoral region.

A. lateral

B. medial

C. distal

D. proximal

E. inferior

A

55. The anatomic term for the cheek is

A. buccal.

B. pelvic.

C. cervical.

D. crural.

E. sacral.

A

56. The popliteal region is best seen from a(n) ________ view.

A. anterior

B. lateral

C. superior

D. inferior

E. posterior

E

57. What is the anatomic term for the foot?

A. Pubic

B. Patellar

C. Ped

D. Popliteal

E. Acromial

C

Mammary is to ____ as brachial is to arm.

A. shoulder

B. sternum

C. breast

D. chest

C

58. Which anatomical term describes the wrist region?

A. Tarsal

B. Carpal

C. Digital

D. Olecranal

E. Perineal

B

59. With the subject in the anatomic position, one can best see the dorsum of the manus from a(n) ______ view.

A. lateral

B. superior

C. inferior

D. posterior

E. anterior

D

60.The primary function of serous fluid appears to be

A. to serve as a lubricant.

B. to provide a stabilizing force.

C. to insulate.

D. to store energy.

E. to provide an attachment surface.

A

61. The anatomic term for the calf is

A. crural.

B. popliteal.

C. tarsal.

D. carpal.

E. sural.

E

62. The term "hallux" refers to the

A. little finger.

B. thumb.

C. great toe.

D. lateral-most toe.

E. middle digit.

C

63. What is the anatomic term for the hip region?

A. Sternal

B. Coxal

C. Dorsal

D. Crural

E. Sural

B

64. A professional fighter hit in the mental region might have damage to the

A. jaw.

B. ear.

C. nose.

D. knee.

E. shoulder.

A

65. "Pollex" refers to the

A. eyebrow.

B. thumb.

C. great toe.

D. little finger.

E. kneecap.

B

66. An inguinal hernia is in the region of the

A. umbilicus.

B. groin.

C. calf.

D. thigh.

E. shoulder.

B

67. Which serous membrane covers the surface of an organ?

A. The parietal layer

B. The visceral layer

C. The muscle layer

D. The dorsal layer

E. The ventral layer

B

69. The pleural cavity is the

A. same as the mediastinum.

B. the serous membrane lining the abdomen.

C. space within which the heart sits.

D. potential space between the two serous membranes surrounding a lung.

D

The ____ pericardium forms the heart's external surface.

A. peritoneal

B. visceral

C. pleural

D. parietal

B

The outer serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called the

A. parietal peritoneum.

B. parietal pericardium.

C. visceral pleura.

D. visceral peritoneum.

A

70. The limbs of the body are attached to the axis and make up the

A. abdominal region.

B. thoracic region.

C. axial region.

D. appendicular region.

E. antebrachial region.

D

72.The median space in the thoracic cavity is called the

A. pleural cavity.

B. pericardial cavity.

C. mediastinum.

D. peritoneal cavity.

E. hypochondriac space.

C

73. The pericardium is a two-layered serous membrane that

A. encloses the heart.

B. encloses the kidney.

C. encloses a lung.

D. provides lubrication for the knee.

E. covers the small intestine.

A

74. The serous fluid that helps in cardiac function is located

A. inside the heart's chambers.

B. between the parietal pericardium and the sternum.

C. in the pericardial cavity, between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers.

D. between the visceral pericardium and the cardiac muscle.

C

75. With a specimen in the anatomic position, you can best see the mediastinum with a _____ view.

A. midsagittal

B. superior

C. inferior

D. frontal

E. posterior

D

76. The moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is called the

A. peritoneum.

B. diaphragm.

C. synovium.

D. pleura.

E. pericardium.

A

77. Of the nine abdominopelvic regions, the one that is most superior in the middle column is called the

A. lumbar.

B. umbilical.

C. epigastric.

D. hypogastric.

E. hypochondriac.

C

78. Which abdominopelvic regions have both a right and a left side?

A. Only the lumbar and iliac

B. Only the hypogastric and hypochondriac

C. The hypochondriac, lumbar, and hypogastric

D. Only the iliac and hypochondriac

E. The lumbar, iliac, and hypochondriac

E

79. Lateral to the umbilical abdominopelvic region are the _____ regions.

A. hypochondriac

B. iliac

C. hypogastric

D. epigastric

E. lumbar

E

80. The urinary bladder is found in which abdominopelvic region?

A. Hypogastric

B. Right lumbar

C. Hypochondriac

D. Left iliac

E. Left lumbar

A

81. The appendix is in the right iliac region, and is therefore located in the _____ ______ quadrant.

Right lower

105. The level of organization one step more complex than the organ level is the______ level.

Organ system

106. The state of equilibrium, or fairly constant interval environment, in the body is called ________.

Homeostasis

107. The ______ reproductive system produces oocytes.

Female

108. The antecubital region is ______ to the brachial region.

Distal

109. The muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities is the ______.

Diaphragm

110. The hypogastric region is located ______ to the right iliac region.

Medial

111. The control center of a homeostatic mechanism

A. brings about change to the internal environment.

B. integrates sensory input and signals for change as needed.

C. is a change in the external environment.

D. detects a change in a variable that is being regulated.

B

Which of the following is not an example of homeostasis?

A. Maintaining body temperature by putting on a hoodie

B. Maintaining blood glucose levels by releasing insulin

C. Maintaining blood pH by hyperventilating

D. Maintaining body temperature by sweating

A

When there is a change in the internal body environment, how will the body react to maintain homeostasis by negative feedback?

A. Amplify the change

B. Oppose the change

C. Do nothing

D. Wait and see if the external environment will change

B

112. Sensory nerves that detect changes in a variable that is being regulated comprise the ________ of the control mechanism.

Receptor

Thermoreceptors detect body temperature and send impulses to the brain for analysis. If body temperature is low, the brain will signal skeletal muscles to perform brief, repeated contractions to help generate heat. In this example, what is the effector?

A. Brain

B. Skeletal muscles

C. Thermoreceptors

D. Body temperature

B

113. The part of the homeostatic control mechanism that brings about change is the

A. control center.

B. stimulus.

C. effector.

D. receptor.

C

114. In a homeostatic control mechanism, the receptor detects changes in the environment and relays that information to the ____________.

Control center

115. When you are exposed to bright light, a reflex is initiated and the muscles of your iris contract to decrease your pupil size. The iris muscles are acting as a(n)

A. effector.

B. control center.

C. receptor.

D. postitive feedback.

A

116. When you are exposed to bright light, a reflex is initiated and your iris constricts to decrease pupil size. Which structure serves as a receptor in this system?

A. The retina

B. The iris

C. The eyelid

D. The brain's visual cortex

A

117. Which of the following choices places the components of a homeostatic control system in proper order?

A. Effector, control center, stimulus, receptor

B. Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector

C. Receptor, effector, control center, stimulus

D. Stimulus, control center, effector, receptor

E. Receptor, control center, stimulus, effector

B

119. The normal level at which a physiological variable is maintainied is known as its

A. stimulus.

B. control center.

C. negative feedback.

D. set point.

E. effector.

D

122. If carbon dioxide levels rise in the body, negative feedback mechanisms will trigger

A. an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline to the set point.

B. an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels rise further above set point.

C. a decrease in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels rise to the set point.

D. a decrease in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline below set point.

A

123. The reinforcement of a stimulus so that a climax is reached is known as ____________.

Positive feed back

127. Disease is often considered the result of

A. negative feedback.

B. failure of homeostatic systems.

C. maintenance of set point.

D. feedback loops.

B

Which of the following describes the sequence of steps in the scientific method?

A. Form a hypothesis, form conclusions, experiments and testing, observe a natural event

B. Experiments and testing, form a hypothesis, observe a natural event, form conclusions

C. Observe a natural event, form a hypothesis, experiments and testing, form conclusions

D. Form conclusions, observe a natural event, form a hypothesis, experiments and testing

C

126. In the positive feedback mechanism governing breastfeeding, the mammary glands of the breast serve as the

A. control center.

B. receptor.

C. effector.

D. set point.

c