Reproductive System

Does the reproductive system contribute to homeostasis?

No

What are the 2 functions of the gonads?

1. Steroid Production

2. Gametogenesis

What steroids are produced in males & females respectively?

Males: testosterone

Females: estrogen/progesterone

What do males and females respectively produce during gametogenesis?

Males: sperm

Females: egg

What is another name for mesonephric ducts?

Wolffian Ducts

Wolffian ducts develop in _____ and regress is ______

Males; Females

Paramesonephric ducts are also known as?

Mullerian ducts

Mullerian ducts develop in ______ and regress in ______

Females; males

Hormones are made _____ glands are formed

After

Aromatase is present in _______

Ovaries

What do seminiferous tubule contain?

• Interstitial (Leydig) Cells

• Nurse (sertoli) cells

What do interstitial cells do?

Make & release androgens

What is the function of nurse cells?

• Forms blood-testes barrier

• Promote sperm development

Explain the steps of spermatogenesis…

1. Spermatogonia

2. Go through mitosis to create primary spermatocytes

3. Divide (1st meiotic division) which creates genetic diversity

4. Turn into secondary spermatocytes which go through a 2nd meiotic division

5. Turn into spermatids

What does the first meiotic division create in males?

Genetic diversity; secondary spermatocytes

What are male reproductive stem cells referred to as?

Spermatogonia

What is the result of spermatogenesis?

4 haploid (23) sperm from 1 diploid (46) spermatogonium

What is the acrosome? What does it contain?

Head of the sperm; contains enzymes needed to fertilize egg

The head of the sperm contains ______

DNA

What does the midpiece contain? What does that do?

Lots of mitochondria

Mitochondria makes ATP for energy

What is the tail also known as? What doe sit do?

Flagella; Propel sperm

Where does the final maturation of sperm occur?

Within the female tract

Trace the path of sperm…

• Seminiferous Tubules

• Rete Testis

• Efferent Ductules

• Epididymis

• Ductus Deferens

• Ejaculatory duct

• Urethra

Where do sperm mature?

Epididymis

Where are most sperm stored?

Ductus Deferens

What % of seminal fluid do the seminal vesicles secrete? And what does it contain?

60%

• Alkaline mucous

• Proseminogelin

• Fructose

What % of fluid does the prostate secrete? What does it contain?

30%

• Alkaline mucous

• Clotting enzymes

• Proteases

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

Neutralize acidity of residual urine in the urethra

What 2 things are required to stimulate spermatogenesis?

• FSH

• Testosterone

What does inhibin do?

Allows the anterior pituitary gland to indirectly monitor spermatogenesis

What are the functions of testicular androgens?

1. Development/growth/maintenance of the reproductive tract/glands

2. Spermatogenesis

3. Body growth: especially bone, muscle, vocal cords

4. Pubic/axillary/facial hair (back, ear, nostril)

5. Increased thickness of skin, BMR, RBC’s

6. Libido/aggressive behavior

List the steps of oogenesis…

1. Oogonia (stem cells) go through mitosis

2. Primary oocyte produced

3. 1st meiotic divison occurs in utero

4. Creates secondary oocyte

5. 2nd meiotic division occurs after fertilization

What are female reproductive stem cells referred to as?

Oogonia

When does the 1st meiotic division occur in females?

In utero, prior to ovulation

What does the 2nd meiotic division occur in females?

After the egg is fertilized

After the primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division what is it now known as?

Secondary oocyte

Where do oocytes exist?

Inside follicles

After the secondary oocyte goes through the 2nd meiotic division what is it now known as?

Ovum

What is the result of oogenesis?

1 ovum (23) from one oogonium

What do theca cells produce?

Androgens

What is the function of granulosa cells?

Convert androgens to estrogens

What is the function of the fluid stored antrum?

Estrogen storage

After ovulation, theca/granulose cells form ____

The corpus luteum

What phases are involved in the ovarian cycle?

Follicular & Luteal Phases

What phases are involved in the uterine cycle?

Menstrual, Proliferative, Secretory, Pre-Menstrual Phases

What hormones drive the ovarian cycle?

Anterior Pituitary

What hormones drive the uterine cycle?

Ovarian hormones

What is the first phase of the ovarian cycle?

Follicular Phase

How many days is the follicular phase?

Days 1-14

What occurs during the follicular phase?

FSH stimulates several follicles to grow

One follicle becomes dominant; the rest degenerate

Mature follicle secretes lots of estrogen

In the follicular phase what is the function of FSH?

Tells the follicles to mature

What occurs on day 14 of the ovarian cycle?

Ovulation

What triggers ovulation?

An LH surge

What is the second phase of the ovarian cycle?

The Luteal Phase

How long is the luteal phase?

Always 14 days

What is the goal of the luteal phase?

To prepare the uterus for pregnancy

The corpus luteum secretes lots of ______ & ______

Progesterone & Estrogen

What occurs if the corpus luteum is not fertilized?

It degenerates

What are the 4 phases of the uterine cycle?

1. Menstrual phase

2. Proliferative Phase

3. Secretory Phase

4. Premenstrual Phase

What is the first phase of the uterine cycle?

Menstrual phase

How long is the menstrual phase?

1-5 days

What happens during the menstrual phase?

Endometrium sloughs off and exits body

What occurs during the proliferative phase?

Estrogen from growing follicles stimulates growth of endometrium

What days does the proliferative phase occurs?

Days 5-14

What days does the secretory phase occur?

Days 15-26

What is the function of the secretory phase?

Progesterone stimulates the endometrium to secrete glycogen

What occurs during the premenstrual phase?

Decreased estrogen and progesterone

Endometrium dies