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Gini Coefficient

A measure of income inequality ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (maximum inequality); only measures income distribution and ignores other factors like health or education

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite measure of development based on life expectancy, education, and income; does not account for inequality within a population

Inequality-Adjusted HDI (IHDI)

A version of HDI that accounts for inequality, showing the actual level of human development after losses due to unequal distribution

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

A measure of poverty that includes multiple deprivations in health, education, and living standards rather than just income

MPI Incidence (H)

The proportion of a population that is classified as multidimensionally poor

MPI Intensity (A)

The average number of deprivations experienced by poor individuals

Push Factors

Conditions that drive people to leave a place, such as violence, poverty, or lack of jobs

Pull Factors

Conditions that attract people to a place, such as economic opportunity, safety, or education

Prevention Through Deterrence

A U.S. border policy that aimed to reduce migration by forcing migrants into dangerous terrains, increasing risk and mortality

Antemortem

Refers to events or injuries that occurred before death and show signs of healing

Perimortem

Refers to events or injuries that occurred at or around the time of death with no healing present

Postmortem

Refers to changes or damage that occurred after death

Heterogeneous (Bone)

Bone is composed of different materials and structures, making it non-uniform

Viscoelastic (Bone)

Exhibits both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation

Slow loading. Responds by (1) elastic deformation, (2) plastic deformation, (3) fracturing

Fast loading resists until it shatters

Bone responds differently depending on the speed of applied force

Anisotropic (Bone)

Responds differently to loads according to the direction of load and the impact location

Able to resist axial loadings better than transverse loadings bc of direction of collagen fibers

Bone strength varies depending on the direction of force applied

Brittle (Bone)

Bone can fracture when subjected to stress beyond its limits

Weakness in Tension (Bone)

Bone is weaker when being pulled apart than when compressed

Force Speed

The rate at which force is applied to bone, influencing fracture type

Force Direction

The angle or direction in which force is applied to bone

Force Focus

The concentration of force over a specific area of bone

Violence (WHO Definition)

The gap between potential and actual outcomes, where harm prevents individuals from reaching full well-being

Direct Violence

Physical, intentional harm inflicted on a person, such as assault

Indirect Violence

more subtle, cultural violence Harm caused by social systems or structures rather than direct physical force

Cultural Violence

Beliefs or ideologies that justify or normalize harm, such as racism or sexism

Structural Violence

Systemic inequality embedded in social, political, or economic systems that harms people

Distal Factors (Paul Farmer)

Reflects public health/socioepidemiology

Large-scale structural causes of health outcomes, such as poverty or policy

Proximal Factors (Paul Farmer)

Immediate causes of health outcomes, such as disease exposure

Distal Factors (Epidemiology)

Factors far removed from individual decision-making that influence health

Proximal Factors (Epidemiology)

Factors close to the individual that directly impact health

Morbidity

The presence or rate of disease within a population

Mortality

The rate of death within a population

Intersectionality

The overlapping of social identities (race, gender, class) that create unique experiences of inequality

Intergenerational Inertia

embodiment of how social inequality a concept has real world impacts and gets under the skin affecting epigenetics factors in the DNA

The persistence of inequality and its effects across generations

Embodiment

referring to how we incorporate biologically the material and social world in which we live

The process by which social inequality becomes physically expressed in the body

Embodiment (Bioarchaeology Use 1)

Using skeletal markers to identify stress and disease

Embodiment (Bioarchaeology Use 2)

Examining population-level health patterns to infer social conditions

Violent Trauma

Injury caused by intentional harm

Accidental Trauma

Injury caused by unintentional events

Lived Experience

Evidence of health and stress experienced during life, visible in skeletal remains

Death Experience

Evidence related to the circumstances surrounding death, such as trauma or burial context

Health and Disease (Bioarchaeology)

Study of illness and physiological stress in past populations

Diet (Bioarchaeology)

Study of nutrition and food consumption patterns

Lifestyle/Activity (Bioarchaeology)

Study of physical activity and labor patterns

Demographics (Bioarchaeology)

Study of population characteristics such as age and sex

Nutritional Stress

Physiological stress caused by lack of adequate nutrition (e.g., porotic hyperostosis)

Growth Disruption

Interruptions in normal growth and development (e.g., linear enamel hypoplasia)

Infection

Evidence of disease processes affecting bone (e.g., periostitis)

Systemic Stress

Any factor that disrupts the physiological balance (homeostasis) of an individual

Involves interplay between pathogens, nutrients, economic behaviors, environmental interactions, and social structures that disrupts homeostasis

Odds Ratio

A statistical measure comparing the likelihood of an event between two groups; values above 1 indicate higher risk, below 1 indicate lower risk

Forensic Anthropology

The study of human skeletal remains for legal and humanitarian purposes

Humanitarian Goal (Forensic Anthropology)

Identifying missing persons and providing closure to families

Medicolegal Goal (Forensic Anthropology)

Assisting legal investigations by determining identity and cause of death

Five Basic Questions (Forensic Anthropology)

What happened, Who is the individual, Where did it occur, How did it happen, When did it occur

Cause of Death

The biological reason for death, such as injury or disease

Manner of Death

The legal classification of death, such as homicide, suicide, accident, or natural

Sex Estimation (Morphological)

Determining sex based on visual traits of bones

Sex Estimation (Metric)

Determining sex based on bone measurements

Sexual Dimorphism

Biological differences between males and females used to estimate sex

Age Estimation (Subadult)

Estimating age based on growth and development markers

Age Estimation (Adult)

Estimating age based on degenerative changes in bones

Taphonomy

The study of processes that affect remains after death, including decomposition and environmental effects