Chapter 9 Canadian history grade 11 indigenous people after confederation WIHTOUT HANDOUT

early contact between France/GB and FN was mostly

trade and military alliances sometimes treaties were made but the relationships were balanced

peace and friendship treaties 1725-1779

Britain desired trade and settlement so signed a treaty with Mikmaq, Malliseet and Passamaquoddy FN on the east coast

5 aspects to peace and friendship treaties

share land

no ceding of land

peaceful, autonomous coexistence

obligations and benefits for FN and British

legally binding still

how and why did in the 1800s the FN economy change

in 1800s FN economy relied on fur trade and Bison hunt but mid 1800s changes occurred where western fur trade declined, European settlement in W Canada increased and large scale agriculture introduced in W

as the economy changes in the mid 1800s FN and government relationship changes to be

allies/equal partners no more

seen as subordinates

treaties become unbalanced and not mutually beneficial

what does Canada want mid 1800s

settlement and control

use treaties to extinguish FN title to land and resources

the numbered treaties cover and did what for Canada

covers most of western Canada and granted Canada access to Ruperts land and promise support to FN and binds Canada to a relationship with FN

1763 Royal Proclamation

british crown could take land form FN after public negotiations

why would FN sign the numbered treaties

they offered cultural protection

with demise of bison wasn't lot of food (food aid with treaties

got promised to help with farming

help prevent disease

FN wanted to avoid US exp of war territorial loss etc.

why did Canada sing treaties

avoid US exp of war ($$)

gain access to FN land (sttlmnt resources etc)

control of Fn pop

misunderstandings of treaties (2)

1) CAN focussed on final agreement FN didn't understand much so they did discussions and promises as form of negotiation which were oral and outside promises

2) Can made treaties as final and non neg. but FN wanted it to be living (can change) Canada believed it was owning land and FN belief of sharing land

CAN said FN surrendered rights to land and res. but FN believed they were sharing

language was a big issue as FN didn't have words to understand legal terms so they were given NWMP and priests to give advice but still hard to translate and they didn't have concept of owning land

interpretations of treaties today

literal:limitwd to what is in document

spirit and intent: includes oral promises broadens the treaty

how do we know today what happened

diary entries match oral tradition

FN refer to numbered treaties as _______ ________ and also

sacred covenants, tri partite agreements(create British crown fn

how were the treaties sacred

pipes passed, gifts exchanged to symbolize eagreemtn, relationship and essence of creator

with the pipe passing and gift exchange how did the 2 parties see this

GB: land rights extinguished for payments

FN: agreement to share lands and resources

Duncan Campbell Scott wanted

to assimilate indians

how did the BNA act assimilate Indians

made Canada responsible for them and also dint include Inuit and metis until later and also ignored FN diversity

Indian act 1876

made FN ward of the state (treated them as minors or infirm no mental capacity to make decision or orphans) they weren't equal and had few legal rights Fed had exclusive power over FN and their land

John A macdonalds goal

to assimilate FN people as quickly as possible

indian agents

created by Indian act to live in reserves working for feds to

enforce government policies

manage financial affairs

spend $$ of reserve without permission

finally authority on schools health care social services given by fed

could start an election remove leaders or become chief

treaties were partnerships and involved negotiation did the Indian act?

no, passed without consultation

amended man times with little consultation

with the Indian act many things came like

residential schools

indian agent

pass system

ceremonies illegal

no voting

legal rep for FN outlawed

peasant farming policy

Indian act also defined

who was an Indian

what did status Indian benefits give

ability to live on res, hunting rights annuities ($)etc

you can lose status if

you went to uni

became doctor

lawyer

minister

(most professions)

status female marrying non male (kids have no status too)

Indian act government includes

chief and council elected every 2 years (gov can overturn election or remove chief)

band council can pass bylaws but fed gov can disallow this

can't make improvements to property without fed perms

most reserve land/prop owned by fed gov

on what grounds can a chief be removed

dishonesty, intemperance, immortality, incompetence

colonization

action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area

what group has a similar experience as Canadian FN

Australias aborigine

US also have similar tactics to take over western us such as

unfulfilled treated

reservations

residential schools

low standards of living for Indians today

people who were assimilated in Scandinavia

sami poeple

inter generational trauma

transmission of historical oppression/trauma and its negative consequences across generations

1911 greater Winnipeg had a population of 215,000+ but what was their water source

Assiniboine river but had rusting pipes and causing sickness

in 1913 what did engineers in wpg report

Shoal lake had pristine water and uninhabited expect a few Indians

Winnipeg paid Ottawa how much for how much land to get water

2,000 to get 3,000 acres to access shoal lake water

what did Winnipeg do that did something bad to shoal lake

construction of aqueduct made a peninsula into an island

since the 1990s shoal lake 40 had lived with

boil water advisory

annually how much money does Winnipeg make from water services, how much goes to shoal lake

25+ mill in revenue and 0 to shoal lake 40

social indicators

statistical measures that describe social trends and conditions impacting human well being