structural kinesiology chapter 1

fetal

lying on either side with spine flexed, head flexed toward chest, and extremities flexed and drawn to torso

hook lying

lying supine with hips flexed approximately 45 degrees and knees flexed approximately 90 degrees, feet flat on the surface. also known as dorsal recumbent

lateral recumbent

lying on the side, knees and hips may be straight or slightly flexed. also known as lateral decubitus position

long sitting

sitting with legs extended forward, toes pointed, trunk erect, hands on hips

short sitting

sitting upright with knees flexed and legs hanging over the edge of the surface

prone

face-downward position of the body; lying on the stomach

supine

face-upward position of the body; lying on the back

mid-axillary line

A line running vertically down the lateral surface of the body passing through the apex of the axilla (armpit)

mid-sternal line

A line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the middle of the sternum

anterior axillary line

a line that is parallel to the mid-axillary line and passes through the anterior axillary skinfold

posterior axillary line

a line that is parallel to the mid-axillary line and passes through the posterior axillary skinfold

mid-clavicular line

A line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the midpoint of the clavicle

mid-inguinal line

A point midway between the anterior superior illiac spine and the pubic symphysis

scapula line

a line running vertically down the posterior surface of the body passing through the inferior angle of the scapula

vertebral line

A line running vertically down through the spinous processes of the spine

anterior

in front or in the front part

anteroinferior

in front and below

anterolateral

In front and to the outside

anteromedial

in front and toward the inner side or midline

anteroposterior

relating to both front and rear

anterosuperior

in front and above

bilateral

relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as the right and left extremities

caudal

below in relation to another structure; inferior

caudocephalad

Directionally from head to tail in the long axis of the body

contralateral

pertaining or relating to the opposite side

deep

beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue

dexter

relating to, or situated to the right or on the right side of

distal

situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin

dorsal (dorsum)

Relating to the back, being or located near, on, or toward the back, posterior part, or upper surface of; also relating to the top of the foot

fibular

Relating to the fibular (lateral) side of the knee, leg, ankle, or foot, also referred to as peroneal when specifically referring to the lateral leg

inferior (infra)

below in relation to another structure; caudal

inferolateral

below and to the outside

inferomedial

Below and toward the midline or inside

ipsilateral

on the same side

lateral

on or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane

medial

Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plane

median

relating to, located in, or extending toward the middle; situated in the middle, medial

palmar

relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand

plantar

relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot

posterior

behind, in back, or in the rear

posteroinferior

Behind or in back and below

posterolateral

behind and to one side, specifically to the outside

posteromedial

behind and to the inner side

posterosuperior

behind or in back and above

proximal

nearest the trunk or the point of origin

proximodistal

From the center of the body out toward the distal ends of appendages

radial

Relating to the radial (lateral) side of the forearm or hand

rostral

near or toward the head, especially the front of the head

scapular plane

In line with the normal resting position of the scapula as it lies on the posterior rib cage; movements in the scapular plane are in line with the scapular, which is at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees from the frontal plane

sinister

relating to, or situated to the left or on the left side of

superficial

near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue

superior (supra)

above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic

superolateral

above and to the outside

superomedial

above and toward the midline or inside

tibial

Relating to the tibial (medial) side of the knee, leg, ankle, or foot

ulnar

Relating to the ulnar (medial) side of the forearm or hand

ventral

relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part of

volar

relating to the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot

anteversion

Abnormal or excessive rotation forward of a structure in the transverse plane, such as femoral anteversion

kyphosis

increased curving of the spine outward or backward in the sagittal plane

lordosis

increased curving of the spine inward or forward in the sagittal plane

recurvatum

bending backward in the sagittal plane, as in knee hyperextension

retroversion

Abnormal or excessive rotation backward of a structure in the transverse plane, such as femoral retroversion

scoliosis

lateral curving of the spine in the frontal plane

valgus

Outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint in the frontal plane, as in knock-knees

varus

Inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint in the frontal plane, as in bowlegs

abduction

lateral movement away from the mid line of the trunk in the frontal plane
ex: raising the arms or thighs to the side away from the anatomical positon

adduction

movement medially toward and/or across the midline of the trunk in the frontal plane
example: lowering abducted arm to the side or thigh back to the anatomical position

flexion

bending movement that results in a decrease of the angle in a joint by bringing bones together usually in the sagittal plane
example: elbow joint when the hand is drawn to the shoulder

extension

Straightening movement that results in an increase of the angle in a joint by moving bones apart usually in the sagittal plane
example: using the elbow, hand moves away from the shoulder

diagonal abduction

diagonal abduction

Movement by a limb through a diagonal plane away from midline of body such as the hip or glenohumeral joint

external rotation

rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone away from the midline of the body, occurs in the transverse plane and is also known as rotation laterally, outward rotation and lateral rotation

internal rotation

rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone towards the midline of the body, occurs in the transverse plane is also known as rotation medially, inward rotation and medical rotation

eversion

turning the subtalar and traverse tarsal joints of the foot outward or laterally in the frontal plane, abduction, characterized by the soles of the feet being turned outward
example: standing with the weight on the inner edge of the foot

inversion

turning the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints medially into adduction in the frontal plane, charcaterized by the soles of the feet being turned inward
example: standing with weight on the outer edge of the foot

dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion)

flexion movement of the ankle that results in the top of the foot moving toward the anterior tibia in the sagittal plane

plantar flexion of foot

extension movement of the ankle that results in the foot and/or toes moving away from the body in the sagittal plane

pronation (ankle and foot)

a position of the foot and ankle resulting from a combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion and forefoot abduction (toe-out)

supination (ankle and foot)

a position of the foot and ankle resulting from a combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion and forefoot adduction

pronation (joint movement)

internally rotating the radius in the transverse plane so it lies diagonally across the ulna, resulting in the palm-down position of the forearm

supination (joint movement)

externally rotating the radius in the transverse plane so it lies parallel to the ulna, resulting in the palm-up position of the foremarm

depression

inferior movement of the shoulder girdle in the frontal plane
example: returning to the normal position from a shoulder shrug

elevation

superior movement of shoulder girdle in the frontal plane
example: shrugging shoulders

protraction

Forward movement of shoulder girdle in the horizontal plane away from spine, Abduction of the scapula

retraction

Backward movement of shoulder girdle in the horizontal plane toward spine, Adduction of the scapula

rotation downward

rotation downward

rotary movement of the scapula in the frontal plane with the inferior angle of the scapula moving medially and downward, occurs primarly in the return from upward rotation, inferior angle may actually move upward slightly as the scapula continues in extreme downward rotation

rotation upward

rotary movement of the scapula in the frontal plane with the inferior angle of the scapula moving laterally and upward

horizontal abduction

movement of the humerus or femur in the horizontal plane away from the midline of the body, also known as horizontal extension or transverse abduction

horizontal adduction

movement of the humerus or femur in the horizontal plane toward the midline of the body, also known as horizontal flexion or transverse adduction

scaption

movement of the humerus away from the body in the scapular plane, glenohumeral abduction in the plane 30 to 45 degrees between the sagittal and frontal plane

lateral flexion (side bending)

Movement of head and / or trunk in the frontal plane laterally away from midline, Abduction of spine

reduction

return of the spinal column in the frontal plane to the anatomic position from lateral flexion, adduction of the spine

dorsal flexion

Extension movement of wrist in the sagittal plane with dorsal or posterior side of hand moving toward posterior side of forearm

palmar flexion

Flexion movement of wrist in the sagittal plane with the volar or anterior side of hand moving toward anterior side of forearm

radial flexion

abduction movement at the wrist of thumb side of hand toward the lateral forearm

ulnar flexion

adduction movement at wrist of little finger side of hand toward the medial forearm

opposition of the thumb

Diagonal movement of thumb across palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the fingers

reposition of the thumb

Diagonal movement of the thumb as it returns to the anatomical position from opposition with the hand and/or fingers

retropulsion of the thumb

Movement of the thumb dorsally without moving the remainder of the hand from the palm flat position on a surface.

roll (rock)

a series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface