Psychology Chapter 10, 11, & 12

Developmental Psychology

the branch of psychology that studies the physical, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout the life cycle

Infancy

in humans, the stage of life from birth to age two

Childhood

the stage of life that follows infancy and spans the period from second birthday to the beginning of adolescence

Stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display

Self-esteem

the value or worth that people attach to themselves

Adolescent growth spurt

a sudden, brief burst of physical growth during which adolescents typically make great gains in height and weight

Cliques

a small, exclusive group of people within a larger group

Crowds

large groups of people who share attitudes and a group identity

Identity crisis

a period of inner conflict during which one examines one’s values and makes decisions about one’s life direction

Identity status

one of four reaction patterns or processes in the development of identity during adolescence

Midlife transition

a period in middle adulthood when a person’s perspective on his or her life may change significantly

Midlife crisis

a turning point experienced by many people between ages 45 to 65, when they realize life may be half over and they feel trapped in meaningless life roles

Empty-nest syndrome

a sense of depression and a loss of purpose that some parents experience when the youngest child leaves home

Dementia

a serious loss of cognitive function

Alzheimer’s disease

an irreversible, progressive brain disorder characterized by the deterioration of memory language, and eventually, physical functioning

What are the 3 areas of development studied?

Physical, cognitive, and social development

What is the difference between nature vs. nurture?

Nature - By Heredity-way you were born

Nature - By the environment-way you were raised

What are the age groupings associated with the following:

-Infant 

-Toddler 

-Child 

Infant - first year.

Toddler - 1-3yo

Child - 3-13

During the Physical development stage how do the height and weight change of an infant? And of a child? 

For infants they double birth weight in 5 month then triple in by 1 year and grow about 10 inches in first year. During childhood they gain avg of 2-3 inches and  4-6 pounds each year.

What are “milestones” in regards to motor development?

Orderly Sequence of growth, situp, crawl, walk, ect

Out of the three areas of perception development, which area is the most developed at birth? 

Hearing

What are the differences between warm and cold parenting?

Warm parents are affectionate and cold parents aren’t affectionate.

What are the differences between strict and permissive parenting? 

Strict parenting impose rules and supervise children more closely

Permissive parenting

How can child care facilities play a role in the development of children?

Quality of the day care facility will play an important role on the positive or negative experience of cognitive learning and social experiences.

What is the 1st stage of Piaget's stage of development?

Sensorimotor stage. 0-2. Manipulates objects

What is the 2nd stage of Piaget's stage of development?

Preoperatational Stage. 2-7yo. Learn to use language

What is the 3rd stage of Piaget's stage of development?

Concrete-Operational Stage. 7-11yo. More imaginative

What is the 4th stage of Piaget's stage of development?

Formal-Operational Stage. 11-16yo. Improved Analytical ability.

What are Kohlberg's 3 levels of moral development? 

Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional level

What factors make up the adolescent growth spurt?

It last 2-3 years and they grow 8-12 inches and it begins around the age of 10-13

Describe characteristics of the parent-child relationship in adolescence.

Adolescents want more freedom and independence and spend less time with family

Where do conflicts arise in the parent-child relationship in adolescence?

Homework, chores, money, curfew, and dating

How do adolescents choose their friends?

Those who are similar in age, background, education, goals, and attitudes.

When does peer pressure reach its peak in adolescents? 

Peaks at 15

What factors make up dating/relationships in early adolescents? 

Less stable and short term relationships

Who suggested the idea of identity development and crisis? 

Erik Erikson

What are three areas that adolescents are seeking to identify? 

Beliefs, Values, and Life Goals

At what age do people reach their physical peak? 

In their 20’s

What percentage of people will get married at least once?

75-80%

What are three reasons leading to the high divorce rate?

It’s easier to get a divorce, women are more independent than ever, and high expectations for marriage

Identify and explain two theories on why people age. 

Programmed Theories, based off of genetics and that people have biological clocks.

Cellular Damage Theory, Aging does not have to do with heredity body is affected by the environment.

What are three social changes that people go through in late adulthood? 

Retirement, Grandparenthood, and Living arrangements