SOC220 Final

studied byStudied by 191 people
5.0(4)
Get a hint
Hint

What is the sociological imagination

1 / 119

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

120 Terms

1

What is the sociological imagination

Being able to see the [environmental] context which shapes your individual decision making as well as the decisions made by others.

New cards
2

What is a normative argument?

Expresses a judgement on what ought to be changed.

New cards
3

What is an empirical argument?

Pertains to what we observe.

New cards
4

What is conceptualization?

The process by which the researchers identify key concepts used in the research and provide a unified explanation of those concepts.

New cards
5

What is operationalization

Turns abstract concepts into measurable observations.

New cards
6

What is legal authority

It is institutionalize and bureaucratic. Someone is elected into this position

New cards
7

What is traditional authority

Culturally transmitted and non institutional. One is usually born into this type of authority.

New cards
8

What is Charismatic Authority

Domination on an individual level. Not easily routinized. Many can look to someone as a leader but they are not a leader by definition.

New cards
9

What is Marx's stance on class?

Class (base) → Ideas/culture/institutions (superstructure)

New cards
10

What is Weber's stance on class?

Ideas/culture → class/institutions

New cards
11

Marx's stance on materialism

Material relations → social relations

New cards
12

What is Weber's stance on Materialism

Social relations → Material relations

New cards
13

What is Marx's view on Capitalism

Capitalism emerged from the necessary historical processes deriving from the emergence of the bourgeoisie from feudal status-based systems

New cards
14

What is Weber's view on Capitalism

Capitalism emerged from the Protestant/Calvinist idea of pre-destination and its resultant behaviors

New cards
15

What is habitualization

any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern, which can then be ... performed again in the future in the same manner and with the same economical effort

New cards
16

Reciprocal typification of habitualization

Leads to the formation of institutions

New cards
17

what is institutionalization in sociology

The process of developing or transforming rules and procedures that influence a set of human interactions.

New cards
18

Is social construction fake or bad?

No.

New cards
19

What are heuristics?

Mental shortcuts or simple rules that people use to make efficient judgments or decisions

New cards
20

Culture is what according to Ann Swidler?

A tool kit

New cards
21

Dual Process Theory: What is System 1 cognition?

Fast, automatic, intuitive thinking. Very emotional and demonstrates no self control.

New cards
22

Dual Process Theory: What is System 2 cognition?

Rational thinking that is slow effortful and analytical. Demonstrates some self control.

New cards
23

Culture in action

Culture → Values → Action

New cards
24

Cultural Schemas

Models, practices, discourses, frames, repetoris

New cards
25

Cognitive schemas

prototypes, images, roles, associations, representations

New cards
26

Secularization

The decline of religious beliefs and practices in modern societies.

New cards
27

What is a social movement

Protests, posting on social media, political campaigns. Anything that encourages activism.

New cards
28

What makes a social movement successful?

Resources, messaging, timing

New cards
29

Collective behavior

Social movements, riots, rumors, revolutions, etc. are all just collective behavior. Movements are the result of a strain and assumption and inevitability.

New cards
30

Resource Mobilization

Movements have variable levels of leadership experience, money, human/social capital. This helps explain variation in movement outcomes. Accounts for the professionalization of movements.

New cards
31

In social movements, what matters too?

Emotion, image, and framing matter

New cards
32

What is frame bridging

Establishing connections with other organizations and those in positions of power.

New cards
33

What needs to be right for social movements in order for there to be success

External and internal conditions

New cards
34

What are contentious repertoires

arrays of contentious performances that are currently known and available within some set of political actors

New cards
35

Regimes

Consist of regular relations among governments, established political actors, and challengers, and are perceived and acted upon by outside political actors including other governments.

New cards
36

Opportunity structures

Include aspects of a regime that offer challengers both openings to advance their claims and threats and constraints thar caution them against making these claims.

New cards
37

Capacity

means the extent to which governmental action affects the character and distribution of population, activity, and resources within the government's territory.

New cards
38

Democracy

People have influence over the government's decisions.

New cards
39

Why are think tanks important?

The most diverse knowledge authority landscape in hundreds of years that "evens the playing ground" for sciences (gives it competition).

New cards
40

Academic scientific process

question, hypothesis, method, results, conclusion, peer review, replication, consenus.

New cards
41

Rationalization and bureaucratization

Defines logics of modern society, concerned with efficiency, reason, and personal benefit, and is the distilling of traditions, values, and morals into enduring structural forms and institutions

New cards
42

Academic science stems into

Any kind of science you can imagine including liberal science and conservative science.

New cards
43

Cultural ascendancy thesis

Science is on an unalterable path to epistemological dominance in modern tims and -- as it improves technology and lives-- will only be increasingly accepted by people over time

New cards
44

Alienation thesis

Science's dominance will lead to cultural backlash and decreasing trust over time due to the negative consequences of modernity including industrialization, technocratic authority, and an inability to maintain credibility in the contemporary media space.

New cards
45

Deficit model

trust in science should increase with higher levels of education and scientific knowledge.

New cards
46

Status characteristics- Expectation states theory (SC-EST)

Theoretical framework that explains macro-level straitifcation through the individual-level internalization of cultural beliefs about identities and abilities.

New cards
47

What are socially defined status characteristics

Including gender, race, age, ethnicity, education, beauty, motherhood, fatherhood, etc

New cards
48

Socially-defined status characteristics generalize to product performance expectation states which are...

Non-conscious anticipations for the quality of future performances

New cards
49

Performance expectation states determine group power and prestige which are...

Evaluations, influence, choices for leadership, perceived good ideas and leadership, judgments of task and skill.

New cards
50

Affective polarization:

the tendency of partisans to distrust or dislike members of the 'other' party

New cards
51

issue polarization

the divergence of ideological opinions and beliefs among partisans

New cards
52

POST MIDTERM

POST MIDTERM

New cards
53

recidivism

the act of repeating an offense/relapsing into criminal behavior

New cards
54

stigma

a mark of disgrace associate with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.

New cards
55

WEB DuBois wrote a book called "The Souls of Black Folk." What is it about?

The stigmas faced by black people in America.

New cards
56

Double Consciousness

W.E.B. DuBois's term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the United States... They have to appear "white" to their white peers while simultaneously acting differently with others.

New cards
57

What is a causality?

the relationship between cause and effect

New cards
58

What was significant about Pager's paper "The Mark of A Criminal Record/Marked"

Discovered racial bias and incarceration stigma when applying to jobs.

New cards
59

What is wealth?

All assets owned by an individual or family minus outstanding debts. Wealth can be accumulated over a lifetime or generations

New cards
60

What is income

Any money received on a regular basis from work or investments

New cards
61

Main take away from "Capital" by Thomas Piketty?

r > g (r= amount of money you can make on your wealth, g= money made from income).

New cards
62

What is considered middle class

people who make between $43,350 and 130,000 per year

New cards
63

What is poverty defined as

people who make $12,880 or below; their household income is under 26,500 for a family of 4

New cards
64

In gender inequality in labor outcomes, what is the demand side explanation to why women are discriminated against?

Explanations that deal with those "demanding" labor (managers, corporations, employers) which ultimately lead to discrimination and bias from these entities towards women.

New cards
65

In gender inequality in labor outcomes, what is the supply side explanation to why women are discriminated against?

explanation that deal with the "supply of labor: (those seeking employment). Meaning it is a women's fault for where they are because of career choice, demographic characteristics, etc.

New cards
66

What does socialization do in terms of gender roles and jobs?

Socialization teaches children gender stereotypes from young and what they can and cannot do,

New cards
67

What do parents and peers do in terms of gender roles and jobs?

They can influence career choices through attitudes, values, and expectations

New cards
68

What does gender bias do in education and the workplace?

Discourages people from pursuing jobs in opposite sex dominated fields. (Women will be discouraged from leadership, men will not be because of gender bias).

New cards
69

What is intersectionality

multiple ways to discriminate against people. (Being black and trans, for example.)

New cards
70

What is dramaturgical analysis?

Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance.

New cards
71

It is the study of "micro -interactions" between people resulting from context including time, place, and audience.

New cards
72

What is front stage?

Your professional self that is controlled by social norms

New cards
73

What is back stage

more private area of our lives, when act is over. You can be yourself.

New cards
74

According to Blumer, humans act towards people based on what?

Meanings they assign to people or things

New cards
75

The meanings we assign to people and things arise from what?

social interactions with one another.

New cards
76

What is the Affect Control Theory

It is a symbolic interactionalist perspective that describes quantitative measures to cultural concepts with include evaluation (good vs bad), potency (powerfulness vs powerlessness), and activity (liveliness vs torpidity).

New cards
77

What is the Power Elite

a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources

New cards
78

What is the social disorganization theory?

a theory that explains ecological differences in levels of crime based on structural and cultural factors shaping the nature of the social order across communities.

New cards
79

How does social disorganization occur?

It is triggered by the weakened social integration of neighborhoods because of the absence of self-regulatory mechanisms, which in turn, are due to the impact of structural factors on social interactions or the presence of delinquent subcultures.

New cards
80

What did Johnston find in their paper about drug overdoses and race?

White people are portrayed in a much better light than indigenous people. Use of words like "Numerous" vs "Rare" and "Substance abuse" versus "Addicts"

New cards
81

What is homophily

the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with similar others. "Birds of a feather flock together"

New cards
82

What is an echo chamber?

an environment in which a person encounters only beliefs or opinions that coincide with their own, so that their existing views are reinforced and alternative ideas are not considered. CNN, Fox News, Breitbart, for example

New cards
83

What is Ladd's sources of declining trust in the media?

More polarized political system leads to more criticism of the news which leads to less media trust.

New cards
84

More economic competition leads to less media professionalism and/or more criticism of the news which then leads to less media trust.

New cards
85

What is required in a responsible news industry for it to be good for democracy?

High levels of trust

New cards
86

What is outrage media

It is personality centered, reactive, ideologically selective, engaging, has internal intertextuality.

New cards
87

Where is outrage media most common?

On the political right.

New cards
88

POTENTIAL ESSAY QUESTIONS

-What, if anything, should be done about outrage media?

-Name one way stigma has someone getting a job

- can’t think of any right now, will update in the future

New cards
89

What was Weber's paper on Class, Status, Power, and Legitimate Domination about?

The three types of domination present in society: charismatic domination, traditional domination, and legal domination

New cards
90

What was Marx and Engels' paper about

They argue that the development of human societies is driven by the struggle between classes, and this struggle is based on economic relations.

New cards
91

What is Berger and Luckmann's paper "The Social Construction of Reality" about

They suggest individuals and groups use language, symbols, and shared meanings to create and maintain their social world, and this construction is constantly changing. They also argue that religion, law, and education play a role.

New cards
92

What is Swidler's paper "Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies" about

Argues that culture is not a fixed set of beliefs but rather a set of resources that individuals draw upon in their everyday lives.

New cards
93

What is Vaisey's paper "Motivation and Justification: A dual process model of culture in action" about

Argues that both processes (person riding the elephant and the elephant) are important for understanding how culture operates in action, and that they interact with each other in complex ways.

New cards
94

What is Kiley and Vaisey's paper "Measuring Stability and Change in Personal Culture Using Panel Data" about

Cultural stability varies depending on cultural domain, with some domains showing greater stability than others.

New cards
95

What is the Pew Research Center's paper "3 in 10 US adults are religiously unaffiliated" about?

A report on the religious landscape in the US. Findings include that 30% of adults identify as atheist, agnostic, or none. It also explores why some choose to leave organized religion.

New cards
96

What is The Washington Post's article "US Christians could drop as secularism rise, Pew Research finds" about?

Younger generations are less religious, and Christians today are adopting more secular attitudes and beliefs. This article highlights the shifting religion landscape in the US.

New cards
97

What is Tarrow's paper "Power in Movement - Chapter 1, Contentious Politics and Social Movements" about?

Argues that social movements are a form of contentious politics, where individuals and groups use disruptive tactics to make demands, and the emergence of new political identities and alliances. Also explores dynamics of social movements and how they shape political outcomes (ex: BLM and legislature related with it)

New cards
98

What is Tilly and Tarrow's paper "Chapter 3 - Democracy, undemocracy, and change in Repertoires" about

Argues that the repertoires are a set of collective tactics that are available to social movements and poltical tactics. Examples include protests, petitions, and lobbying as well as violence, terrorism, and sabotage.

New cards
99

What is Gross, Medvetz, and Russell's paper "Contemporary American Conservative Movement" about?

Provides an analysis about the conservative movement, like what shaped the movement, think tanks, media outlets, and political action committees. They argue the conservative movement has been successful in building a mass network.

New cards
100

What is Farrell's paper "Network structure and influence of the climate change counter-movement" about?

Examines the organization structures/influence of the climate change counter-movement. Finds that the climate change counter-movement is a tightly knit network of individuals/organizations that work together to promote their views and block action on climate change.

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 25 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 25 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 25 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 21 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 36 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 8 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 40 people
... ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (75)
studied byStudied by 63 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (98)
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 7 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (147)
studied byStudied by 10 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 63 people
... ago
4.7(3)
flashcards Flashcard (38)
studied byStudied by 18 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (65)
studied byStudied by 71 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (30)
studied byStudied by 48 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot