Studied by 192 people
What is the sociological imagination
Being able to see the [environmental] context which shapes your individual decision making as well as the decisions made by others.
What is a normative argument?
Expresses a judgement on what ought to be changed.
What is an empirical argument?
Pertains to what we observe.
What is conceptualization?
The process by which the researchers identify key concepts used in the research and provide a unified explanation of those concepts.
What is operationalization
Turns abstract concepts into measurable observations.
What is legal authority
It is institutionalize and bureaucratic. Someone is elected into this position
What is traditional authority
Culturally transmitted and non institutional. One is usually born into this type of authority.
What is Charismatic Authority
Domination on an individual level. Not easily routinized. Many can look to someone as a leader but they are not a leader by definition.
What is Marx's stance on class?
Class (base) → Ideas/culture/institutions (superstructure)
What is Weber's stance on class?
Ideas/culture → class/institutions
Marx's stance on materialism
Material relations → social relations
What is Weber's stance on Materialism
Social relations → Material relations
What is Marx's view on Capitalism
Capitalism emerged from the necessary historical processes deriving from the emergence of the bourgeoisie from feudal status-based systems
What is Weber's view on Capitalism
Capitalism emerged from the Protestant/Calvinist idea of pre-destination and its resultant behaviors
What is habitualization
any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern, which can then be ... performed again in the future in the same manner and with the same economical effort
Reciprocal typification of habitualization
Leads to the formation of institutions
what is institutionalization in sociology
The process of developing or transforming rules and procedures that influence a set of human interactions.
Is social construction fake or bad?
No.
What are heuristics?
Mental shortcuts or simple rules that people use to make efficient judgments or decisions
Culture is what according to Ann Swidler?
A tool kit
Dual Process Theory: What is System 1 cognition?
Fast, automatic, intuitive thinking. Very emotional and demonstrates no self control.
Dual Process Theory: What is System 2 cognition?
Rational thinking that is slow effortful and analytical. Demonstrates some self control.
Culture in action
Culture → Values → Action
Cultural Schemas
Models, practices, discourses, frames, repetoris
Cognitive schemas
prototypes, images, roles, associations, representations
Secularization
The decline of religious beliefs and practices in modern societies.
What is a social movement
Protests, posting on social media, political campaigns. Anything that encourages activism.
What makes a social movement successful?
Resources, messaging, timing
Collective behavior
Social movements, riots, rumors, revolutions, etc. are all just collective behavior. Movements are the result of a strain and assumption and inevitability.
Resource Mobilization
Movements have variable levels of leadership experience, money, human/social capital. This helps explain variation in movement outcomes. Accounts for the professionalization of movements.
In social movements, what matters too?
Emotion, image, and framing matter
What is frame bridging
Establishing connections with other organizations and those in positions of power.
What needs to be right for social movements in order for there to be success
External and internal conditions
What are contentious repertoires
arrays of contentious performances that are currently known and available within some set of political actors
Regimes
Consist of regular relations among governments, established political actors, and challengers, and are perceived and acted upon by outside political actors including other governments.
Opportunity structures
Include aspects of a regime that offer challengers both openings to advance their claims and threats and constraints thar caution them against making these claims.
Capacity
means the extent to which governmental action affects the character and distribution of population, activity, and resources within the government's territory.
Democracy
People have influence over the government's decisions.
Why are think tanks important?
The most diverse knowledge authority landscape in hundreds of years that "evens the playing ground" for sciences (gives it competition).
Academic scientific process
question, hypothesis, method, results, conclusion, peer review, replication, consenus.
Rationalization and bureaucratization
Defines logics of modern society, concerned with efficiency, reason, and personal benefit, and is the distilling of traditions, values, and morals into enduring structural forms and institutions
Academic science stems into
Any kind of science you can imagine including liberal science and conservative science.
Cultural ascendancy thesis
Science is on an unalterable path to epistemological dominance in modern tims and -- as it improves technology and lives-- will only be increasingly accepted by people over time
Alienation thesis
Science's dominance will lead to cultural backlash and decreasing trust over time due to the negative consequences of modernity including industrialization, technocratic authority, and an inability to maintain credibility in the contemporary media space.
Deficit model
trust in science should increase with higher levels of education and scientific knowledge.
Status characteristics- Expectation states theory (SC-EST)
Theoretical framework that explains macro-level straitifcation through the individual-level internalization of cultural beliefs about identities and abilities.
What are socially defined status characteristics
Including gender, race, age, ethnicity, education, beauty, motherhood, fatherhood, etc
Socially-defined status characteristics generalize to product performance expectation states which are...
Non-conscious anticipations for the quality of future performances
Performance expectation states determine group power and prestige which are...
Evaluations, influence, choices for leadership, perceived good ideas and leadership, judgments of task and skill.
Affective polarization:
the tendency of partisans to distrust or dislike members of the 'other' party
issue polarization
the divergence of ideological opinions and beliefs among partisans
POST MIDTERM
POST MIDTERM
recidivism
the act of repeating an offense/relapsing into criminal behavior
stigma
a mark of disgrace associate with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.
WEB DuBois wrote a book called "The Souls of Black Folk." What is it about?
The stigmas faced by black people in America.
Double Consciousness
W.E.B. DuBois's term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the United States... They have to appear "white" to their white peers while simultaneously acting differently with others.
What is a causality?
the relationship between cause and effect
What was significant about Pager's paper "The Mark of A Criminal Record/Marked"
Discovered racial bias and incarceration stigma when applying to jobs.
What is wealth?
All assets owned by an individual or family minus outstanding debts. Wealth can be accumulated over a lifetime or generations
What is income
Any money received on a regular basis from work or investments
Main take away from "Capital" by Thomas Piketty?
r > g (r= amount of money you can make on your wealth, g= money made from income).
What is considered middle class
people who make between $43,350 and 130,000 per year
What is poverty defined as
people who make $12,880 or below; their household income is under 26,500 for a family of 4
In gender inequality in labor outcomes, what is the demand side explanation to why women are discriminated against?
Explanations that deal with those "demanding" labor (managers, corporations, employers) which ultimately lead to discrimination and bias from these entities towards women.
In gender inequality in labor outcomes, what is the supply side explanation to why women are discriminated against?
explanation that deal with the "supply of labor: (those seeking employment). Meaning it is a women's fault for where they are because of career choice, demographic characteristics, etc.
What does socialization do in terms of gender roles and jobs?
Socialization teaches children gender stereotypes from young and what they can and cannot do,
What do parents and peers do in terms of gender roles and jobs?
They can influence career choices through attitudes, values, and expectations
What does gender bias do in education and the workplace?
Discourages people from pursuing jobs in opposite sex dominated fields. (Women will be discouraged from leadership, men will not be because of gender bias).
What is intersectionality
multiple ways to discriminate against people. (Being black and trans, for example.)
What is dramaturgical analysis?
Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance.
It is the study of "micro -interactions" between people resulting from context including time, place, and audience.
What is front stage?
Your professional self that is controlled by social norms
What is back stage
more private area of our lives, when act is over. You can be yourself.
According to Blumer, humans act towards people based on what?
Meanings they assign to people or things
The meanings we assign to people and things arise from what?
social interactions with one another.
What is the Affect Control Theory
It is a symbolic interactionalist perspective that describes quantitative measures to cultural concepts with include evaluation (good vs bad), potency (powerfulness vs powerlessness), and activity (liveliness vs torpidity).
What is the Power Elite
a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources
What is the social disorganization theory?
a theory that explains ecological differences in levels of crime based on structural and cultural factors shaping the nature of the social order across communities.
How does social disorganization occur?
It is triggered by the weakened social integration of neighborhoods because of the absence of self-regulatory mechanisms, which in turn, are due to the impact of structural factors on social interactions or the presence of delinquent subcultures.
What did Johnston find in their paper about drug overdoses and race?
White people are portrayed in a much better light than indigenous people. Use of words like "Numerous" vs "Rare" and "Substance abuse" versus "Addicts"
What is homophily
the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with similar others. "Birds of a feather flock together"
What is an echo chamber?
an environment in which a person encounters only beliefs or opinions that coincide with their own, so that their existing views are reinforced and alternative ideas are not considered. CNN, Fox News, Breitbart, for example
What is Ladd's sources of declining trust in the media?
More polarized political system leads to more criticism of the news which leads to less media trust.
More economic competition leads to less media professionalism and/or more criticism of the news which then leads to less media trust.
What is required in a responsible news industry for it to be good for democracy?
High levels of trust
What is outrage media
It is personality centered, reactive, ideologically selective, engaging, has internal intertextuality.
Where is outrage media most common?
On the political right.
POTENTIAL ESSAY QUESTIONS
-What, if anything, should be done about outrage media?
-Name one way stigma has someone getting a job
- can’t think of any right now, will update in the future
What was Weber's paper on Class, Status, Power, and Legitimate Domination about?
The three types of domination present in society: charismatic domination, traditional domination, and legal domination
What was Marx and Engels' paper about
They argue that the development of human societies is driven by the struggle between classes, and this struggle is based on economic relations.
What is Berger and Luckmann's paper "The Social Construction of Reality" about
They suggest individuals and groups use language, symbols, and shared meanings to create and maintain their social world, and this construction is constantly changing. They also argue that religion, law, and education play a role.
What is Swidler's paper "Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies" about
Argues that culture is not a fixed set of beliefs but rather a set of resources that individuals draw upon in their everyday lives.
What is Vaisey's paper "Motivation and Justification: A dual process model of culture in action" about
Argues that both processes (person riding the elephant and the elephant) are important for understanding how culture operates in action, and that they interact with each other in complex ways.
What is Kiley and Vaisey's paper "Measuring Stability and Change in Personal Culture Using Panel Data" about
Cultural stability varies depending on cultural domain, with some domains showing greater stability than others.
What is the Pew Research Center's paper "3 in 10 US adults are religiously unaffiliated" about?
A report on the religious landscape in the US. Findings include that 30% of adults identify as atheist, agnostic, or none. It also explores why some choose to leave organized religion.
What is The Washington Post's article "US Christians could drop as secularism rise, Pew Research finds" about?
Younger generations are less religious, and Christians today are adopting more secular attitudes and beliefs. This article highlights the shifting religion landscape in the US.
What is Tarrow's paper "Power in Movement - Chapter 1, Contentious Politics and Social Movements" about?
Argues that social movements are a form of contentious politics, where individuals and groups use disruptive tactics to make demands, and the emergence of new political identities and alliances. Also explores dynamics of social movements and how they shape political outcomes (ex: BLM and legislature related with it)
What is Tilly and Tarrow's paper "Chapter 3 - Democracy, undemocracy, and change in Repertoires" about
Argues that the repertoires are a set of collective tactics that are available to social movements and poltical tactics. Examples include protests, petitions, and lobbying as well as violence, terrorism, and sabotage.
What is Gross, Medvetz, and Russell's paper "Contemporary American Conservative Movement" about?
Provides an analysis about the conservative movement, like what shaped the movement, think tanks, media outlets, and political action committees. They argue the conservative movement has been successful in building a mass network.
What is Farrell's paper "Network structure and influence of the climate change counter-movement" about?
Examines the organization structures/influence of the climate change counter-movement. Finds that the climate change counter-movement is a tightly knit network of individuals/organizations that work together to promote their views and block action on climate change.
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