Homogenous
Composition is the same in proportion throughout (e.g., salt water)
Heterogenous
Composition is different in proportion throughout (e.g., stew)
Elemental
Only consisting of one element (e.g., O2, Ar)
Compound
Consisting of two or more elements
Molecules
Consisting of two or more atoms (e.g., O2, CH4)
Atoms
Consisting of one atom (e.g., Au)
Density
Mass divided by volume
Atomic number
Number of protons in an element
Electrons
Number of protons if not an ion, otherwise determined by the charge
Neutrons
Atomic mass minus protons
Atomic mass
Number on the top of the element or listed as in Titanium-47
Wavelength
Inversely related to frequency
Ground state
Closer to the nucleus
Excited state
Farther from the nucleus
Electron configurations
Arrangement of electrons in an atom
Ionic radius
Decreases across a period
Ionization energy
Energy required to remove an electron
Electronegativity
Ability to attract electrons
Metals
Malleable, low electronegativities, lose electrons
Non-metals
Non-malleable, higher electronegativities, gain electrons
Lewis Structures
Diagrams showing bonding pairs and lone pairs
Ionic Bonds
Transfer of electrons from metal to non-metal
Polar Covalent Bonds
Unequal sharing of electrons
Non-polar Covalent Bonds
Equal sharing of electrons
Metallic Bonds
Sea of electrons shared among metal atoms
Transition metal
Include charge in the name
Empirical Formulas
Simplest whole number ratio of atoms
Molecular Formulas
Actual number of atoms in a molecule
Combustion
Produces CO2 and H2O
Double Replacement Reactions
Form a precipitate
Stoichiometry
Calculations of reactants and products in chemical reactions
Gases
Governed by the ideal gas law PV=nRT
Molarity
Moles of solute per liter of solution
Acids
Source of H+ ions, pH under 7
Bases
Source of OH- ions, pH over 7
Bronsted-Lowry
Protons are transferred in reactions
2 electron domains, 2b 0nb
Linear
3 electron domains, 3b 0nb
Trigonal Planar
4 electron domains, 4b 0nb
Tetrahedral
4 electron domains, 3b 1nb
Pyramidal
3 electron domains, 2b 1nb
Bent
4 elevtron domains, 2b 2nb
Bent
Ionic
Soluble and Conductive
Polar Covalent
Soluble not conductive
Non-polar covalent
All no
Metallic
Conducts electricity in bulk phase and is malleable