Unit 2.4- 2.7 - Encoding, Storing, Retrieving, and Forgetting Memories

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/48

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

49 Terms

1
New cards

Mnemonics

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

2
New cards

Method of Loci

A strategy for memory enhancement, which uses visualizations of familiar spatial environments in order to enhance the recall of information

3
New cards

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

4
New cards

Spacing Effect

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through mass practice

5
New cards

Distributed Study

Breaking periods of review over several days

6
New cards

Mass Practice

Studying a little each night is more effective than cramming

7
New cards

Self-Referent Encoding

When information is meaningful to the individual, they are more likely to remember it

8
New cards

Sensory Memory

The immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

9
New cards

Serial Position Effect

Our tendency to best remember the items at the beginning and end of a list

10
New cards

Recency Effect

Only remembering the end of the list

A type of serial position effect

11
New cards

Primacy Effect

Only remembering the beginning of the list

A type of serial position effect

12
New cards

Sensory Memory

The immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

13
New cards

Types of sensory memory

Iconic - visual traces

Echoic - auditory traces

14
New cards

Short Term Memory

Activated memory that holds a few (5-9) items briefly (10-30 seconds) before the information is stored or forgotten

15
New cards

Long Term Memory

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

16
New cards

Maintenance Rehearsal

Rote memorization

Involves repeating information

17
New cards

Elaborative Rehearsal

More detailed and involved additional memory aids like mnemonic devices

18
New cards

Autobiographical Memory

A collection of episodic memories

Recollections of moments you previously experiences

19
New cards

Amnesia

Memory loss, often due to brain damage

20
New cards

Anterograde Amnesia

An inability to form new memories

21
New cards

Retrograde Amnesia

An inability to recall past memories

22
New cards

Alzheimer’s disease

Damage to the brain’s receptors for acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter responsible for memory and learning

23
New cards

Traumatic Amnesia

Caused by a severe, non penetrative blow to head (car accident, sports injury); can lead to anything from loss of consciousness to coma

24
New cards

Hysterical or Fugue Amnesia

Linked to severe psychological trauma; usually temporary and linked to a traumatic event the mind cannot deal with. Memory often returns, although the memory of trauma may remain incomplete

25
New cards

Childhood or Infantile Amnesia

Inability to recall events from early childhood, could be linked to language development or immature brain

26
New cards

Recall

Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time

27
New cards

Recognition

Identifying items previously learned

28
New cards

Retrieval Cues

Hints tied to help remember information

29
New cards

Context-Dependent Memory

The activation of memory when one returns to the setting of the original encoding

30
New cards

State-Dependent Memory

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with the state in which a person was at the time of encoding

31
New cards

Mood-Congruent Memory

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

32
New cards

Testing Effect

By quizzing yourself or others, you strengthen your brain’s ability to bring forth a memory

33
New cards

Meta Cognition

Understanding how we think, remember, and learn

34
New cards

Forgetting Curve

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Memories decline rapidly, but then level off

Information is lost quickly but if you manage to remember something long enough, you are likely to remember it forever

35
New cards

Encoding Failure

Didn’t pay attention well enough to properly create the memory

36
New cards

Storage Decay

Memory has faded over time

37
New cards

Retrieval Failure

The memory is there but you can’t find it

38
New cards

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

The feeling that a word or idea is just out of reach

39
New cards

Motivated forgetting

Repression and Suppression

40
New cards

Repression

Purposely losing a memory

41
New cards

Suppression

Unknowingly losing a memory, typically because of trauma

42
New cards

Interference

Competing information

43
New cards

Proactive Interference

Old information interfering with new information

44
New cards

Retroactive Interference

Newer information interfering with older information

45
New cards

Constructive Memory

A type of recollection characterized by the utilization of basic insights retained in the memory to build a more thorough and intricate report of an experience

46
New cards

Reconsolidation

The process that enables the update of a previously consolidated memory trance after its reactivation, through re-exposure to unconditioned stimuli, conditioned stimuli and/or context

47
New cards

Imagination Inflation

A type of memory distortion that occurs when imagining an event that never happened increases confidence in the memory of the event

48
New cards

Misinformation Effect

A phenomenon that occurs when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event

49
New cards

Source Amnesia

Impaired memory for how, where, or when information was learned despite good memory for the information itself