APWHM Ginnochio: Chapter 22.3 and 22.4 Reading Quiz Terms

Georges Clemenceau

French premier in last years of World War I and during Versailles Conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from Germans.

David Lloyd George

Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed.

Self-determination

Right of people in a region to choose their own political system and its leaders.

Diktat

dictated peace without negotiations

League of Nations

International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member.

Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russia

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

National Congress Party

Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became a political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period.

Rabindranath Tagore

Bengali poet, playwright, and novelist.

Mohandas Gandhi

Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after World War I. Stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest.

Leopold Sedar Senghor

Senegalese poet and political leader.

B.G. Tilak

Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in Indian nationalist movement.

Morley-Minto Reforms

Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils.

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms

Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.

Rowlatt Act

Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919

Satyagraha

Literally, "truth-force"; a strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States.

Lord Cromer

British Consul-General in khedival Egypt from 1883 to 1907; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime.

effendi

Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.

Dinshawai incident

Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement. Demonstrates the overreaction of European colonizers to minor incidents.

Ataturk

Also known as Mustafa Kemal; leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using Western models.

Hussein

Sharif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in WWI; angered by Britain's failure to keep their promise.

Mandates

Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922.

Zionism

Movement originating in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s whose leaders argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine.

Aimé Césaire

West Indian poet, asserted black culture.

Balfour Declaration

British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917

Leon Pinsker

European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land.

Theodor Herzl

Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state

Alfred Dreyfus

French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil's Island provided flash-point for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France

World Zionist Organization

Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state.

Wafd Party

Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.

Sa'd Zaghlul

Leader of Egypt's nationalist Wafd party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922.

The Home and the World (1916)

Novel by Tagore about women

Lathi

a heavy club often of bamboo bound with iron used in India as a weapon especially by police

Battle of Algiers (1966)

A movie about French Northern Africa

Lord Lugard

the British ambassador to Nigeria; He believes that Europe could benefit from Africa using its food supplies and raw materials while Africa could benefit from the British construction of roads and railways to provide transportation and capital

Marcus Garvey

African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s.

W.E.B. Du Bois

One of the most influential African American intellectuals and spokesmen of the 20th century. His extensive and widely-read writings on the plight of blacks in American society and critiques of racism were foundational to both civil rights movements in the United States and African resistance to colonialism.

Pan-African

Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I

Negritude

Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.

Léopold Sédar Senghor

(1906-2001) One of the post-World War I writers of the négritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980.

National Congress of British West Africa

the earliest nationalist organization in West Africa, and one of the earliest formal organizations working toward African emancipation