History - MAIN DEVELOPMENTS IN CHURCH STATE RELATIONSHIPS UNDER MUSSOLINI AND HITLER

Intro for main developments in church state relations under facism

• generally quite good

• massive initial positive development in italy

• in contrast, nazis far more hostile

Mussolini church state relations (over view in points)

• beginning of career hostile

• realised that wouldnt work, tried wooing church

• main development = solving of roman question

• Latern treaty

• tensions begin again (youthgroups, charter of race, newspaper)

intro to nazi church state relations 

• catholic and prod churches as threats

• therefore church state relations were poor 

Hitler church state relations (over view in points)

• good start, concordant 

• relations degrade (nazi control interfereing)

• tensions peaked, condemning of euthanasia)

• prod churches met w more control

concl for main developments in church state relations under facism

• church state relations in two countries largely wrecked by the end of both rules

• church was met with much criticism over failure to take strong position against regimes

What did mussolini do when he realised being anti catholid was a bad idea (and when from)

1920 onwards, attempted to woo catholic church.

In 1922, came to power and ordered introduction of religious instruction into schools

swearing in public banned

sales of contraceptives in 1922

What did mussolini do in 1929 + explain

• attempt to solve roman question

• negotiations between mussolini and CARDINAL GASPARI, began in 1926, in secret

  • settlement reached in the latern treaty in 1929

What was the latern treaty, when was it signed (and its terms)

signed in 1929

• vatican recognised as independent state 

• 750 million lire given to vatican as compensation for loss of papal states in 1870

• catholicism state religion

• pope agreed to recognize fascist italian state 

Explain the tension between mussolini and the papacy in regards to youth groups

• early 1930s

• mussolini refused to allow a catholic led organisaton, to continue its work

• encrouched on benitos own youth movement, the balilla

• pope pius gave way when gaspari persuaded him that a conflict between church and state could be damaging in efforts to stop communism in europe

Explain the tension between mussolini and the papacy in regards to the jews

• Charter of race in 1938, which were anti semetic laws angered pope

  • marriage between italians and jews forbidden

  • jews forbidden to become teachers/lawyers/journalists

• werent strictly enforced 

Explain the tension between mussolini and the papacy in regards to the newspaper 

1940, vatican newspaper (Losservatore romano) published messages of sympathy from the pope to the king of belgium and queen of holland following their occupation by nazis 

• mussolini said hed ban the paper if it continued to be anti facist 

explain the good start between nazis and catholic church

• in 1933, concordant signed btween church and state by von papen and pacelli

  • agred that hitler wouldnt interfere in catholic church if the catholic church didnt interfere in politics

How did the nazi catholic concordant begin to break down

• tensions began to mount as nazis indirectly interfered with church affairs through their increasing control of mass media, youth movements and education

• in 1936, catholic bishops sent an open letter complaining that the nazis werent  adhering to the spirit of the concordat 

Explain the popes open letter to the nazis, and the quote coming with it

• 1937, pope pius 11th

• issued with burning anguish, condemned hitlers persecution of the jews, accused nazis of

  • “sowing the seeds of suspicion, discord, hatred and fundamental hostility to christ and his church”

What did cardinal von galen do

• 1941, condemned the practice of euthanasia and reported it as a crime to civil police

• met with public support

• managed to keep out of a concentration camp as goebells advised hitler that arresting him would lead to civil unrest, especially in the heavily catholic austria 

• practice of euthaniasa abandoned due to his intervention

• other senior members not as lucky, sent to camps some died

What happened to the protestant churches in germany

• suffered greater control from nazis

• 28 protestant churches shoved into one church called reichskirche (state church)

• brought under leadership of pastor muller

• only church that protested was the confessional church, most of the memebres of the church were put into exhile, or jailed or executed