Apush define, causes, effects

Maize

cultivated by many indigenous civilizations through advanced irrigation systems, spread across the Americas this way

Maize effects

lead to cultural interaction between populations, molded Pueblo society: they built advanced irrigation systems to water crops

European exploration in Americas causes

Political unification —> monarchies, Desire for wealth —> resources, Eur population increase, new technology allowed for exploration:

European exploration in Americas

1492, 1620, Notable groups:

Columbus

Puritans

European exploration in Americas effects

• British colonies made unusually democratic self-governmental systems

• Diseases like smallbox wiped out indigenous populations

• Spanish create Encomienda system —> eventually leads to system of slavery

Columbian exchange causes

Ferdinand and Isabella want to find riches and spread Christianity, Columbus wants route to Asia by sailing west

Columbian exchange

• Columbus brings back riches, plants, and a few kidnapped Native people

• Spain secures his discoveries under Treaty of Tordesillas and Spain becomes rich —> Columbian exchange: transfer of food, animals, people, raw materials and diseases across Europe, Africa and Americas

Columbian exchange other effects

• Disease (smallbox, measles, ect.) wiped out Native populations

• new farming animals revolutionized production for Natives

• diets of Europeans and Native Americans changed

• Explorers brought back gold and other wealth —> more Europeans came, new wealth ended Eur feudalism —> capitalism: free exchange of goods

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494, divided up New World between Spanish and Portugese rule, Spain securd Columbus’ discoveries w/

Encomienda system causes

• Spanish must enslave Natives for land, justified through Christianity

• 1499Ferdinand and Isabella create Requerimiento document: can claim land in Americas if convert Natives to Christianity, received protection if accepted crown, but were enslaved and killed if resisted

Encomienda system:

Spanish enslavement of Native Americans to work on sugar plantations, mine for gold and silver

Encomienda system —> slavery causes

• Encomienda system didn’t work —> imported Africans were immune to the diseases,

• were unfamiliar with land so less likely to escape —> traded weapons for people on west African coast

Encomienda system effects

• Failed bc Natives kept dying of disease and could escape since they knew the land better —> lead to African slave trade

• replaced by repartimiento system in 1499 (Natives must give free labor pool to Spanish overlord)

Mercantilism development in Americas

• Government makes country have more exports than imports (1st established in Eur)

• GB must establish colonies for access to raw materials, markets for manufactured goods —> colonies get protection, stable market, finished goods

• popular in Eur, then Spanish used in Americas

• fixed amount of wealth (in gold and silver), maintain high rating amount

Mercantilism effects

• leads to Joint-Stock companies in colonies: wealth private, pay for exploration by investors pooling $ together, they would succeed or fail together safely

• Navigation Acts: ensures merchants only trade w/ English colonies in English ships, valuable items must pass through British ports and be taxed before entering colonies

Spanish caste system

• created social hierarchy with Spanish-born in Spain highest, then, Spanish born in the Americas, others Europeans next, then mixed Spanish and Native race, Natives, and Africans last

• based on Spanish hierarchy for tax paying

Spanish Caste system effects

influences systems of colonialism through out Americas

Mission system causes

• Spanish moving North, must use methods other than violence

• spreading Christianity would be more effective for trade

Mission system

• Spanish send missionaries to convert Natives to Christianity as they advance north

• discover that natives believe in pantheism (spirits) the spirit of the land (not a commodity)

• Discover networks of extended family members and large tribes rather than emphasis on family units

Mission system effects

• Spanish intermarry with Natives to get access to fur trade

• some natives welcome Christian God along with their gods (ex. Pueblo people)

• when priests try to convert them fully with violence, they resist —> Pueblo revolt

Pueblo revolt

• Spanish use violence to try Native Americans fully to Christianity

• Pueblos want to purge Spanish from area

• Spanish return to Sante Fe and conquer a few years later

Pueblo revolt effects

• Europeans hear about it

• priest Bartolome De Las Casas defends their dignity and reticules the encomienda system, argues that Africans should replace them

French Colonialism causes

• want to find water route through to get to Asia, was too busy w/ wars before colonization

• Fish and Fur trade interests

French Colonialism

• starts 1524

• 1608; De Champlain’s French Settlement

• trade settlments throughout North America, some marry Native women to have ties to their trade, ex. make alliance Ojibwe indians, Natives gave beaver pelts, French gave iron cookwear

• Some allied w/ Heiron to fight against Iroquois

Dutch Colonialism causes

• also looking for water route to Asia

Dutch Colonialism

• Henry Hudson sails up Hudson river —> founds New Amsterdam 1624, attracted trade for fishermen, farmer trade

• No interest in converting Natives

British Colonialism causes

• Nobles: GB Economy change: Columbian exchange, war w/ F, Ireland conquest —> less wealth

• Peasant land disappearing bc of Enclosure movement: sold to private parties —> need new land

• Religious freedom, improve living conditions

British Colonization

• Search for homes as family groups

• met violence w/ NAs, generally expelled them rather than subjagating (Christianity, enslavement)

Chesapeake colonies events

• Chesapeake: 1st: Jamestown 1607 —> joint stock company, digged for gold amd silver and made military fort —> disease, famine —> cannibalism

• But miracle: tobacco cultivation, John Rolfe experimented and sold to england —> farmers need more land —> encrouch on Native land —> NAs raid, William Berkeley will not defend them

• Indentured servants: labor contract, worked to pay off settlement fees in US until freed

Bacon’s rebellion causes

• Elite colonists in Virginia had power

• former indentured servants were only allowed land in West w/ contracts, but too much conflict w/ Natives

Bacon’s rebellion

• Nathaniel Bacon on council organized militia to put down tribes

• supports pushing into west, but Virginia governor Berkeley refused to support bc had contract w/ Native Americans in Virginia—>

• him and followers burn Jamestown

Bacon’s rebellion effects

• showed growing fears of class tension —> shift of white indentured servants to enslaved Africans

New England colonies causes

• protestants unhappy w/ church of England theologies, but primarily first came, settled in Holland but land was hard to farm

• Establish society

New England colonies

• Puritans settle 1620

• disease/ harsh winters/ fevers, but came to establish great society

British West Indies causes

On Caribbean Islands: long growing seasons

British West Indies Colonization effects

Tobacco grown but sugar cane would give them more profit —> more slave labor

Planter elitists establish strict slave codes, define enslaved as property “Chattel”

Southerners like South Carolina inspired —> replicate on mainland

Middle colonies causes

NY/NJ: rivers and streams —> cereal crops (breads) export economy (lots of trade), small farms

PA: William Penn: Quaker, Pacifist, religious freedom for all, tolerant of indigenous religion / inhabitance, proprietary colony (monarch gives land, they govern as they please)

George Calvert founds Maryland —> refuge for Catholics

Middle colonies effects

• emerging elite class —> hierarchy: urban merchants - Artisans/ shopkeepers - unskilled laborers/ orphans / widows/ unemployed - enslaved

• PA: negotiated w/ NAs

British Colonies effects

• Unusally democratic gov:

• VA House of Burgesses: representative assembly: levies taxes, creates laws

• Mayflower Compact: self gov church congregation, town meetings

• Middle colonies dominated by elite merchants, South by elite planters

Massachusetts Bay

• Joint-stock company

• 1st self gov doc: Mayflower Compact

• John Winthrop’s City Upon a Hill: ideal community w/ religious freedom

• Puritan work ethic —> salvation

RI

• Roger Williams: translated Bible into dif. languages —> realized could be more than one interpretation

• Anne Hutchinson did same thing

Trans-Atlantic trade

• Merchants ships follow triangular trade, brutal conditions of middle passage

• British Parliament Slave Trade Act 1878: limited amount of enslaved stuffed onto ships

Trans-Atlantic trade effects

• (mercantilism effects)

• New England had less slaves, but made $ from trade

• massive wealth for merchants/ investors/ plantation owners

• Seaports in Urban centers —> 1st consumer rev —> affluent families buy, status tied to family, refined lifestyle

British colonies interaction w/ Natives

• 1675: Metacom / King Phillip’s war

• King Phillip foresaw that British would destroy Native heritage, must be forced out —>

• Attack: burn fields, kill men, captured women, children

• British call Mohawk to fight back, they kill Metacom

Maroon colonies

• Communities of escaped enslaved people, ex.: Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia

• they joined w/ Native Americans in the 1600s

Colonial American culture causes

• Enlightenment: movement in Eur, rational thinking over traditions/ religious, print spread it to Americans —> John Locke’s natural rights from creator not monarch, philosophers: 3 branches, social contract between people and gov; science is the authority bc what we know comes from our senses

Colonial American culture

• Great Awakening: New life clergy against enlightenment’s anti-revelation, inspired by Pietism (heart over head for spitirtuality), spread across colonies

• Then preachers emphasized democracy in Bible, must resist tyranny of wealthy colonial officials —> more self-gov (townhalls), British resistance

Colonial American culture - opinions

• Edwards: New England minister; preached enlightenment combined with religious importance, “Sinners in the hands of angry god”

• Witfield: traveled to America, methodist, compelling preacher

• BF: colonists mustn’t pay for military protection bc defend their own military

• accepted external taxes only

Slavery in colonial regions

• New England less enslaved, smaller farms

• major ports: enslaved worked as seamen, dockers, blacksmiths; some agricultural but more household servants

• Chesapeake/ southerners: plantation

• West Indies: greatest amount of them

Chattel slavery

• Harsh slave laws ex. VA inspired by Barbados to define enslaved as property, slavery is generational institution; worsened over time ex. eventually had right to kill enslaved who defy authority, illegal to own weapons, need permission to leave plantation

• interracial relationships illegal

Chattel slavery effects

• resistance:

• Covert: secretly practiced culture (music, dance, stories, ect.)

• maintained religion, naming practices languages

• slowed labor by breaking tools, damaging crops

• Overt: Stono rebellion South Carolina: some enslaved men steal from store, kill store owners, march to river where more enslaved men join, burn plantations, white militia stop them

• challenged idea that whites doing what was best for “inferior beings”

French and Indian war

• British vs French, French had Native alliances

• part of 7 years war (global conflict between French and British)

• 1754-1763

French and Indian (part of 7 years) war causes

• British (colonists) encroach on Ohio River valley land owned by the French

• GeeDubbssssss (Colonel of Virginia militia) sent to warn French

• French Commander takes control of Fort Duquesne (British post)

• GW and Native Allies surprise attack Fort to regain, French take again —> wider conflict

French and Indian war events pt. 1

• BF’s Albany Congress: meeting where colonists try to figure out how to respond to conflicts with Natives, invite delegation from Iroquois confederacy to ally

• Iroquois not given much of a voice, but knew this was the only way to maintain land, would be able to have land as long as Europeans kept fighting and needed allies

French and Indian War events pt. 2

• 7 years war expanding into global conflict, GB policis colonists don’t like: impressment, quartered troops in colonial homes

French and Indian war effects political

• A plan of U rejected but inspires revolutionary congress

• Peace of Paris: ends war, Spain cedes Florida to British, Spanish get control over French lands west of MS river, east of MS river is British

• Colonists angered by British Impressment and quartering —> laid foundation for revolution

• British dept —> raise taxes on colonists

F and I war land

push Westward —> Pontiac war —> British impliment Proclamation line of 1763 OH river valley —> resentment

Pre-rev policy w/ GB

• Rockingham ministry, part of GB gov discuss economic relations w/ colonies

• Franklin’s beliefs, British disregard values of self-gov.

Early rev. actions

• Howe sails to Nova Scotia w/ Tories (loyalists)

• 1st Continental Congress: Form non-importation association, cease trade w/ GB, John Adams writes Dec. of Rights and Grievances: “unchangable laws of nature”, denies parliament right to tax colonies

No tax. w/ out rep. causes —> Acts

Navigation Acts: only British ships/ merchants, colonists still smuggled

Quartering Act of 1765: colonists must feed/ house British soldiers

Sugar Act 1764: taxes on luxury items, molasses, replaces Molasses Act, Grenville thought colonies should pay for GB war bills

Stamp Act 1765: tax on paper items made in colonies, importing stamp cost mroe than stamps themselves, tax so many daily life items —> what control couldn’t they seize?

Currency Act: colonial assemblies print own currency —> money supply restricted while taxes also raised —> low wages and unemployment in colonies

Amer Rev foundations Actions

• Sons of Liberty; JA & SA, terrorize tax collectors, tar and feathering, convince some to resign —> Stamp Act protesting

• —> Stamp Act repealed, Declaratory Act replaces 1766: parliament may make laws for colonies in "all cases whatsoever”

No tax. w. out rep effects

• Stamp and Sugar Act repealed, but pass Declaratory Act: Parliament can pass any laws on colonials

• then pass 1767 Townshend Acts: taxes on imports: paper, tea glass —> colonists unite to boycott, especially women who purchased these goods, made own instead —> value of British goods drained

Amer. Rev. resistance tensions rise

• —> Colonists organize militias

• Boston Massacre: send troops in response to protest of Acts, kill 5 colonists, SA advertises —>

• Committee of Correspondance: TJ and SA organize, ideas of violations spread to other colonies —> join together in resistances

• Boston Tea party —> Intolerable Acts 1774: close Boston’s ports, king appoints governor’s council instead of assembly, forbade town meetings, colonists accused of crimes, even w/ death punishment, tried to GB/ Nova Scotia

no tax w/ out rep belief differences

Believe in people’s contract with government over natural rights —> cannot be taxes w. out rep. in Parliament

British say they have Virtual representation bc parliament represents their British class as well, but colonists disagree bc no one from colonies is actually there to give their perspective

Philosophical American Rev foundation

• John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government: consent of the governed; natural rights of humans under government: life, liberty, property; self rule through elected representatives

• Rousseau’s social contract: people’s contract w/ government, people can make laws null if they do not consent

• Montesquieu : Republican govs preserve liberty, 3 branches, checks and balances

Amer. Rev. Phil. foundation effects

• Thomas Paine’s Common Sense: argued for independence, used biblical metaphors for tyranny, break ties w/ GB bc ruled by tyranny of king/ nobles; bestselling pamphlet, —> influenced Dec. of Ind.

• Second Continental Congress: —> Dec. of Ind.

• Used to self gov —> pissed off by removal of freedom

Dec. of Ind.

• Thomas Jefferson main author, TP influence

• signed 1776:

• listed reasons for separation, abuses of King Georg, written w/ “common sense”, gov should protect people’s unalienable rights, right to revolt;

• if lost war would be evidence of treason —> everything at stake

Amer. Rev. Planning

• GW is Continental Army General

• Army issues: poorly armed, poorly trained, hard to unite bc regionally minded colonists, loyalists joined British ranks

Amer. Rev. fighting

• French aid: no longer funded by GB, F & S want to hurt GB

• Brits get help from G Mercenaries Hessians

• NY & Long Island Battles

• GW letter to JH: can’t rely on militia, need enlisted soldiers —> TP’s the Crisis: motivation to join, “do something easily —. won’t end in glory”

• Trenton: cross delaware, fight Hessians, funding war is issue

• Bunker Hill: patriots lost, but huge kill count for British

• Unlike war in Eur: militias —> less organized, unpredictable; underestimated Americans, expended loyalist help, no single capital bc too large

Amer Rev. affects on Americans

• Ends w/ treaty of Paris, F recognize independence, shipping in F territory

• concern about societal inequity —> slavery: many Northern states abolish gradually, some south allow masters to free, Continental Congress abolishes importing of enslaved after 1775

• State there is national government, suffrage no matter title, abolish nobility titles

Amer Rev. world effects

• more revolutions world wide:

• French Revolution 1789 —> “Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens”

• Haitian Rev. 1791: enslaved (majority of population) heard about French rev. , revolt against French masters, Toussaint L’ouverture leads revolt —> Haiti = first successful slave revolt, and first Black-led nation in Western Hemisphere

• Latin American countries rebel colonizers after (against Spanish and Portugese

Articles of Confed causes

• must organize political power in states

• State const.: those who write shouldn’t enact, consent of people, governor is symbol of far off ruler now, too high above to undestand people’s needs

• influenced by states constitutions formed before and during revolution —> legislative branch had most power

• Poor states want central gov have western land bc larger states pay for war debt, feared leaving to land rich states

Articles of Confed terms

• ratified 1781

• Legislative power, all reps votes are equal, don’t want too much executive power bc feared monarchy

• no SC

• States had veto power over changes made to Articles, 9/13 states must ratify laws

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787: public education, property protection, abolished slavery in Northwest territory, way for territories to apply for statehood

Articles of Confed issues/ effects

• NO 1787 was one good part

• Shay’s Rebellion: soldiers still owed wages, tax issues, poor economy affected farmers struggled to pay debts from war, petitions fo relief were ignored, Daniel Shays (former captain) of MA gathers militia, occupied court houses —> closed, debt collection prevented there was no federal army to combat them —> showed weakness of Articles

Const. Convention causes

• to discuss Shay’s rebellion

• Question whether to fix confederation or create new const —> JM and AH choose to create new

Const. Convention

• Philadelphia 1787

• Virginia plan: strong centralized state, bicameral legislature: 2 houses w/ votes based on population —> favored large states

• New Jersey Plan: Unicameral, states have equal rep —> favored small states

  —> Great (/Connecticut) Compromise: House dependent on state populationand Senate w/ 2 reps per state

Decisions about Const.

• 3/5 Compromise: South wants slaves to count toward rep —> Congress agrees 3/5 for rep & taxation, Southern delegates make sure their slavery isn’t abolished

• House elections: 2 yr terms, elected by people

• Senate: 6 yr terms, state legislatures

• Electoral college: states choose electors based on population who vote in president

• solved issues of raise/ maintain army, declare war, coin money, post offices

Const. ratification

• need 9/13 states to ratify —> federalists and antifederals

• AH, JM, JJ federalists papers: explained why new const. was important

• Antifederalists concerned bc const. laid no protection of states from infringement of rights —> federalists add Bill of Rights —>

• 1788 ratified

• JM still concerned Bill of Rights makes doc limiting bc too much ennumerated

Federalism vs Anti-federalism

• The sharing of power between national and state government (Not complete gov control)

• Feared central power would be like tyranny ex. James Monroe, against “supreme law of land” Article 4, executive’s veto power= tyrannical

State vs. Federal powers in Const.

• Supremacy Clause: National law trumps state law when contradict

• Congress’ enumerated powers: declare war, etc.

• Tenth: powers not delegated to federal gov are reserved to states

• Framers of Const. understood that it was in human nature to abuse power if opportunities given —> protect from tyranny

Shaping New Republic

• 1st pres. GW creates executive departments: treasury, war, state, justice

• AH (sec. of Treasury) creates National bank to unify states, absorbs each states’ debt from rev. so US can borrow other nations’ money, states depend on national gov more

• 1794 Whiskey rebellion: AH passes whiskey taxes, poor PA farmers mad —> attack federal tax collectors

Shaping NR effects

• States w/ little debt upset by debt absorbance, some call unconst., but Gw argues that necessary and proper/ elastic clause allows him —> use of elastic clause

• GW can send troops to put down Whiskey Rebellion —> proves strength of Const.

French Rev causes

• French have war debt —> king calls Estates General meeting (clergy, nobility, commoners), commoners make up 98% and feel unrepresented—> make National Assembly

• King threatens to arrest leaders —> angry mobs

American debates over French Rev.

• GW: Nation is not developed enough to get involved —> Proc. of Neutrality 1793 —> minister Genet of F asks American citizens for support

• TJ: (DR beliefs) wants to join war and support like cause, reciprocate their support of us in Franco-American Treaty 1778

• AH: anti-feds, it’s violent, preserve/ protect infant nation

French rev. events

• Citizen Genet of French republic comes for American support, but they say he violates US neutrality, F thought Jay’s Treaty meant siding w/ GB (Tallyrand Directory) —> F start impressment

• —> JA sends reps, meet XYZ reps, demand bribes for talking to F minister, US refuse —> Quasi war 1798-1800, seize ships, resolve w/ convention of 1800 to end Franco-American alliance

Alien and Sedition Acts causes

• disputes w/ french agents, threat of S taking US states

XYZ affair effects

• Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 gov can imprison or deport any non-citizen + illegal to publically criticize government, laws on naturalization, Foreigners can be imprisoned for speech against gov

• (aimed at Irish and Scottish immigrants, trying to revolt against GB —> did not like that US was leaning toward GB)

• unconst. bc violates freedom of speech / press, but Judicial B doesn’t have this job yet

Alien and Sedition Act results

• DRs make Virginia and Kentucky Resolution: states can nullify actions of government that go beyond const.

French Rev. era effects on settlement

• —> Spain Reactions to Jay’s Treaty: minister Pinckney negotiates Pinckney Treaty of 1795: US can use New Orleans port for MS river trade, US’ southern border of 31’ parallel

• Battle of Fallen Timbers: —> US defeats tribes and US gets all Ohio RIver valley

French Rev. effects

Two party split causes

Federalists/ Anti-federalists debates over Const.

Original two parties

• Federalists: AH, strong central gov, urban/ elite manufacturing interests interests

• Democratic-Republicans: TJ + JM, states rights, rural/ agricultural interests,

• GW got vexed by his cabinet bc of fighting between AH and TJ

AH financial plan

• repay F debt in full bc upper class support new gov,

• bill to restore nat. credit.

• Nat. bank

• assume state debt

• Whiskey tax

• Protective tariff

AH plan results

• repayment approved —> trust from foreign countries

• JM says unfair bc rich sold bonds cheap —>

• Southern opposes debt absorption bc already paid, but JM and TJ accept bill

• DR’s argue const., AH uses necess. and prop clause —> GW signs

• Tax kept —> Whiskey rebellion bc inconvinient for Appalachians who must turn crops to whiskey

• Planters + North merchants against tariff —> only used to raise $ for gov costs

Post Rev GW FP cause + effect

GB: opens trade w/ India and WI, but Jay’s treaty no help impressment

S: wants Kentucky, Tennesse —> Pickney’s treaty: free navigation MS river, right of deposit

F: constant change leader —> proc. of neutrality

NA: fear little Turtle and Miami confederacy —> Greenville conferacy can settle OH valley, US pays, Battle of fallen timbers

GW farewell address causes

• AH vs TJ political parties

• Assumption of state debt divides N and S

• F Rev —> no alliances

• Whiskey tax: divides E and W

GW farewell address

• dangers of political parties: sectionalism would weaken gov, regions should stay union and benefit from each other,

• dangers of foreign alliances: no favor relationships w/

GW farewell address effects

• his successor JM insisted on Neutrality in GB v F

• Anti-intervention policy centuries later

Amer rev effects—> American women

• War contributions: took over jobs (farms), nursing, some passed as men, Abigail Adams gave JA useful info from home

• Judith Sargent Murray: women should be able to have necessities of life without depending on men

• WOC did not benefit: enslaved Black women, many Native tribes recognized descent matrelinially