AP Biology, final preparation

What is clumped dispersion?

Individuals aggregate (come together) in patches - influenced by resource availability

What is uniform dispersion?

Evenly distributed - influenced by social interactions

What is random dispersion?

Independent of other individuals

What are the main components of K-STRATEGIST species?

Small number of offsprings, visual parental care, long lifespan

What are the main components of R-STRATEGIST species?

Large number of offspring, minimal parental care, short lifespan, early loss/constant, low survivability

What is the logistic growth equation?

dN/dt=rmaxN(k-N/k)

In the logistic growth equation, what does ‘ N ‘ stand for?

Population size

In the logistic growth equation, what does ‘ K ‘ stand for?

Carrying capacity

In the logistic growth equation, what does ‘ rmax ‘ stand for?

Rate of increase

In the logistic growth equation, what does ‘ dN ‘ stand for?

Change in number of individuals

In the logistic growth equation, what does ‘ dt ‘ stand for?

Change in time interval

What impacts boom-bust cycles?

Influenced by complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors (living and non-living)

What are some things that limit a population?

Predation, diseases/parasites, distinguished social behaviors, intraspecific competition

Define “Phylogeny”

A behavior in a species evolving over time

Define “Ethology”

Basic field of biology (similar to ecology or genetics)

Define “Estivation”

Hibernation during SUMMER months

Define “Migration”

A behavior in which animals move from one location to another (due to seasons, resource availability, mating season, etc)

What does a LOGISTIC GROWTH curve look like?

Similar to an ‘ S ‘ shape

What does an EXPONENTIAL GROWTH curve look like?

Similar to a ‘ J ‘ shape

What is an innate behavior?

A behavior that is genetically hardwired and are inherited by an organism from its parents

What is a learned behavior?

A behavior not inherited, they develop as a result from experiences or environmental stressors

What is kinesis?

An organism changes its movement in a non-directional way

What is taxis?

A form of movement that involved going away or towards a stimulus

What are 3 examples of taxis?

Hydrotaxis (moving towards/away from water), chemotaxis (moving towards/away chemical stimuli), phototaxis (moving towards/away from light)

What are effects of species competition?

Competitve exlusion, resource partitioning, character displacement

Coloration predation: define ‘cryptic’

Camouflage or other coloration that confuses predators

Coloration predation: define ‘aposematic’

Warning coloration, advertising a threat to predators

Mimicry predation: define ‘batesian’

A harmless species that wants to look harmful

Mimicry predation: define ‘mullerian’

Two or more harmful species that are similar with common predators that mimic each other

What is mutualism?

A +/+ interaction between species

What is parasitism?

A +/- interaction between species

What is commensalism?

A +/0 interaction between species

What is facilitation?

Species that have positive effects on another species in the community without being in a symbiotic relationship with said species

Diversity: define ‘ species richness ‘

The number of different individuals

Diversity: define ‘ relative abundance ‘

The proportion of each species to the total in the community

Fill in the blank: The bigger the ___ ___, the more _____ it is

Food web, unstable (Dynamic Stability hypothesis)

Trophic limits: define ‘ energetic hypothesis ‘

Only enough energy to support a certain number of links in a food web/chain

What is the ‘ Bottom-up Model ‘?

Factors that control producers have ultimate influence on higher trophic levels (producers→tertiary)

What is the ‘ Top-down Model ‘?

Actions of predators that control the lower trophic levels (tertiary→producers)

What is a primary protein?

A sequence of a chain of amino acids

What is a secondary protein?

Involves carboxyll and amine groups

What is a tertiary protein?

Hydrophobic reactions, dispulphide bridge (2 sulfur R-groups going to create a bond), hydrogen bonds, hydrophilic bonds (exterior), ionic bonds

What is a quaternary protein?

Multiple proteins working together

What is an enzyme?

A biological catalyst that speeds up reactions

Effects of an enzyme interactions with reactants (substrates)

Causes breaking/formation of atomic bonds to be more favorable, creating an ‘active site’

What is an induced fit?

The shape of the active site of an enzyme is shape-specific for a particular substrate (this creates the need for necessary conformation)

Co-factors for enzymes

Most enzymes require accessory compounds many of which are vitamins, metal ions, or minerals, in order to function correctly

Regulation: define ‘competitive interactions’

A molecule other than the substrate binds to the active site

Regulation: define ‘non-competitve interactions’

Regulation is accomplished without occupying the active site

What is allosteric interactions?

“Other-site”, causing a confirmative change in the enzyme

What is co-operativity in terms of enzymes?

Triggers stabilization of the active conformation in all subunits

What is compartmentalization?

Categorization of enzymes to prevent conflicts

What are the environmental influences for an enzyme?

Temperature and pH (+concentration = change rate in reaction)

What is the monomer for carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides (sub-categories: disaccharides and polysaccharides)

What are the atoms for carbohydrates and what is the ratio of the atoms?

Atoms = C, H, O (1:2:1)

What is the function of a carbohydrate?

Function = energy and structural (shape=function)

What is the monomer for proteins?

Amino acids

What are the chemical features for proteins?

Chemical features = carboxyl group, amine group, R-groups

What are the atoms for proteins?

Atoms = C, H, N, O, (S)

What is the monomer for lipids?

Fatty acids (sub-categories: saturated (no double bonds between carbons) and unsaturated)

What are the atoms for lipids?

Atoms = C, H, O (Majority is C and H)

What is the monomer for nucleic acids?

Nucleotide (sub-categories: DNA and RNA)

What is the function of a lipid?

Energy storage, cell membranes, insulation

What is the function of a protein?

Muscles, antibodies, hormones, enzymes, hemoglobin

What is the function of a nucleic acid?

Information storage and transfer

What are the atoms of nucleic acids?

Atoms = C, H, N, O, P

What is dehydration synthesis?

Bonding of two atoms

What is hydrolysis? (Digestion)

Breaking apart of two atoms

What are the properties of water (H2O)?

Surface tension, cohesion/adhesion, universal solute, ice floats, high heat capacity

Cell types: what is a prokaryotic cell?

No membrane bound organelles, more abundant, smaller and simpler

Cell types: what is a eukaryotic cell?

Lots of membrane bound organelles, larger and more complicated, less abundant

What is photoautotrophic?

Plant-like cell

What is chemoheterotrophic?

Animal-like cell

What are the 3 things a cell must be able to do during its lifetime?

Process matter (consumption)

Process energy (need to respond to environmental stressors)

Process information (communication)

Characteristics of the nucleus

Function: site of DNA storage and replication, information relay to ribosomes

Structure: a double membrane, with protein pure channels

Characteristics of ribosomes

Function: site of protein synthesis, using RNA transcript of a gene

Structure: a complex of RNA and protein, 2 sub-units (large and small)
NOTE: eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than prokaryotic ribosomes

What do proteins mainly do in the cell?

Builds molecules

Digest molecules

Carry out chemical reactions

Provide structure

Copy RNA and DNA

Receive and send messages to other cells

Fill in the blanks: Energy is _____ not ____

Processed, made (Rule of energy)

Characteristics of endoplasmic reticulum (‘ER’)

Function: (ROUGH ER)= compartmentalizes cell, provides structural support and targeted protein synthesis. CLOSE TO NUCLEUS, covered in ribosomes

(SMOOTH ER)= synthesizes lipids for cell, detoxifies compounds, breaks down glycogen. FAR FROM NUCLEUS, no ribosomes

Structure: network of membrane channels attached to the nuclear membrane

Characteristics of vesicles

Function: dependent on the contents

Structure: small compartment surrounded by membrane

Characteristics of golgi apparatus

Function: synthesis, modification and packaging of molecules

Structure: series of flattened membrane-bound sacs

Characteristics of plasma membrane

Function: controls transport of matter in or out of a cell, receives and sends messages with the environment

Structure: phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Characteristics of lysosomes

Function: digestion of large molecules, digestion of damaged cells, apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Characteristics of vacuoles

Function: (FOOD VACUOLES)= contain undigested food, fuse with lysosomes

(CONTRACTILE VACUOLES)= in freshwater protists, pump excess water of out cell

(CENTRAL VACUOLES)= nature cells, storage, stockpiling proteins, inorganic ions, depositing metabolic byproducts, storing pigments

Structure: membranous sac filled of ‘storage’ materials

Characteristics of mitochrondria

Function: aerobic cellular respiration, digestion (‘catabolism’) of macromolecules to produce ATP (energy), CO2, and H2O

Structure: outer membrane, highly folded inner membrane, cristae (folds the inner membrane), matrix (fluid filled inner cavity), CONTAINS DNA

Characteristics of chloroplasts

Function: Photosynthesis=building (‘anabolism’) of sugar (glucose), ATP (energy), CO2, and light, produces O2 as waste→used in cellular respiration

What is endosymbiosis?

A type of symbiosis in which one organism lives inside another, behaving as a single organism

What are the steps for the protein synthesis pathway?

1. Transcription

2. Translation

3. Initiation

4. Elongation

5. Termination

Cell movement: define ‘osmosis’

When water moves across the membrane (low solute→high solute)

Cell movement: define ‘diffusion’

Responsible for the movement of a large number of substances such as gases and small uncharged molecules

Cell movement: define ‘simple diffusion’

Where molecules, atoms, and ions diffuse through a semi-permeable membrane without added help

Cell movement: define ‘facilitated diffusion’

Passive transport that uses specialized proteins (ex: channel/carrier proteins) to move molecules, ions, across the membrane

Cell movement: define ‘active transport’

Moving AGAINST a gradient [low]→[high], uses ATP as energy to move against the gradient

Define ‘hypertonic’

More solute, less water, less water potential

Define ‘hypotonic’

Less solute, more water, more water potential

Define ‘isotonic’

Solute=equal, water=equal, water potential=equal

What are two things water potential is dependent on?

Dependent on:

Solute concentration

Pressure potential

What is the formula for solute concentration?

solute concentration=water potential(ionization constant)(concentration in molarity)(0.0831)(temperature in kelvin)

Ys=YiCRT