Intro to Cultural Anthropology - Exam 2

Ethnobotany - Kinship

food ways

cultural norms about food and eating

Immediate Return System

direct return on labor ie. hunting and fishing

delayed return system

labor return takes time → gardening

Pastoralism

raising of herds and livestock

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)

knowledge of environment that aids in hunting, traveling, farming, etc

Broad Spectrum Diet

diverse range of foods and food sources due o seasonality (foraging)

Egalitarian

more equal social hierarchy

Nomadic Pastoralism

moves herds to food and water sources several times per year

Swidden hort

slash and burn basically

neolithic Revolution

development of farming machines and techniques

artificial selection

changing genetics of wild species by breeding for selected traits

ethnobotany

study of human plant relationships

entheogenic

hallucinatory/medicinal plant

paleoethnobotany

archeology of plants

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)

biological resources gathered from forests by humans that are not timber

Economic Anthro

holistic look at production, consumption, and exchange, meaning, and use of material/immaterial

Domestic Production

foragers and small scale farmers

sharing importance

Tributary Production

classes of rulers and subjects

subjects give tribute to ruler

Capitalist Production

capitalist class owns modes of production

workers sell labor

generates profit anf surplus

reciprocity

giving gifts

generalized reciprocity

exact value of gift is not specified or important → halloween

balanced reciprocity

something of equal value is expected within time span → Kula ring

negative reciprocity

attempt to get something for nothing → gambling

redistribution

accumulation of goods and services to be dispersed later

markets

regulated by supply and demand

based on transactions

money

used to purchase goods/services

medium of exchange

tool for storing wealth

way to assign interchangeable values

consumption

buying, eating, or using of a food, resource, commodity, or service

commodity

produced good that’s exchanged/sold for other goods

power

coercion/force to gain control of the behavior of others

authority

induce behavior of others through persuasion

legitimacy

individual has a right to leadership

Band

few families, no formal leadership

Tribe

larger population than band, fluid leadership

Chiefdom

large political units, chief (can be hereditary

State

most complex, central government, laws, military, etc

Sodality

a non-kin group organized for a specific purpose (economic, cultural, or other), and frequently spanning villages or towns.

consanguinational

“blood'“ relationships

affinal

marriage and friendship relationships

Status

culturally designated position a person has in a setting

role

set of behaviors expected of a person with specific status 

kinship

culturally recognized ties between members of a family

descent

how people reckon kinship

lineage

descent from common ancestor

clan

group of people with general notion of descent not a single ancestor

conjugal/nuclear family

family that consists of two generations in one household → parents and children

exogamy

marry outside of cultural group

sorority

man marries wife’s sister

levitate

man marries brother’s wife

extended family

at least three generations

stem family

older couple and adult child/couple

joint family

three or more generations and their spouses living together in single household

serial monogamy

marriage to a succession of spouses, one at a time

Polygamy

plural marriages of either multiple wives or multiple husbands

marriage

social, cultural, and legal process → new family

endogamy

marriage within cultural group