APUSH

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

What was the Encomienda System?

A Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of subject people, essentially a form of slavery.

What was the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?

An uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in present day New Mexico.

What were the different goals of Spanish colonization?

Focused on resource extraction (gold, silver), converting natives to Christianity, and establishing a rigid social hierarchy.

What was the focus of French colonization?

Primarily interested in fur trade and establishing cooperative relationships with natives.

What characterized British colonization goals?

Territorial expansion, agricultural development, and establishing self-governing colonies.

What was the significance of Jamestown?

It was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established by the Virginia Company.

What was the purpose of the Mayflower Compact?

It was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony, establishing self-governance and a social contract.

What triggered Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676?

An armed rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley, protesting government corruption and lack of protection from Native American attacks.

What was the impact of the Navigation Acts?

A series of laws that restricted colonial trade, requiring colonists to trade primarily with England.

What was the First Great Awakening?

A series of religious revivals in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s, characterized by emotional preaching.

What does Salutary Neglect refer to?

A British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep the American colonies obedient.

What was the significance of the House of Burgesses?

The first legislative assembly in the American colonies, allowing elected representatives to create laws and levy taxes.

What was the outcome of the French and Indian War?

A conflict that resulted in British victory and increased colonial taxation.

What was the Great Compromise?

An agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution

What were the Federalist Papers?

A series of 85 essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay to persuade the voters of New York to adopt the Constitution

What is the Bill of Rights?

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing civil rights and liberties to individuals.

Who was George Washington?

The first President of the United States and Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.

What was Alexander Hamilton's financial plan?

A plan to stabilize the American economy through the establishment of a national bank, assumption of state debts, and promotion of manufacturing.

What was the Whiskey Rebellion?

A protest by farmers in Pennsylvania against the federal tax on whiskey, suppressed by the Washington administration.

What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?

A series of laws passed by the Federalist Congress that restricted immigration and limited criticism of the government.

What was the Louisiana Purchase?

The acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803, doubling the size of the United States.

What were the causes of the War of 1812?

British impressment of American sailors, trade restrictions, and support for Native American resistance.

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

A U.S. policy opposing European intervention in the Americas.

What was the Missouri Compromise?

An agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance of power in the Senate.

What was the Second Great Awakening?

A Protestant religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States.

What was the Market Revolution?

A major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves

Who was Andrew Jackson?

The seventh President of the United States, known for his populist policies and Indian removal.

What was Jacksonian Democracy?

A political movement during the Second Party System toward greater democracy for the common man symbolized by American politician Andrew Jackson and his supporters.

What was the Indian Removal Act?

Authorized the president to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders.

What was the Trail of Tears?

The forced relocation of Cherokee and other Native American tribes from their ancestral lands to areas in the present-day United States west of the Mississippi River.

What was the Nullification Crisis?

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by South Carolina's 1832 ordinance declaring void federal tariffs.

What was the Bank War?

The political struggle that ensued over the fate of the Second Bank of the United States during the presidency of Andrew Jackson.

What was the Whig Party?

A political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats.

What was the Second Party System?

A period in American political history between about 1828 and 1854 and saw rising levels of voter interest

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

The first women's rights convention in the United States.

Who was Frederick Douglass?

An African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman.

What was the Underground Railroad?

A network of secret routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early to mid-19th century, and used by enslaved African Americans to escape into free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause.

What was Manifest Destiny?

The belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent.

What was the Texas Revolution?

The Texas Revolution began in October 1835 and lasted until April 1836. American migrants and Tejanos (Texans of Hispanic descent) resisted the Mexican government's control.

What was the Mexican-American War?

An armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas.

What was the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

Ended the Mexican-American War in favor of the United States.

What was the Compromise of 1850?

A package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850 that defused a political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired in the Mexican–American War.

What was the Fugitive Slave Act?

Part of the Compromise of 1850, it required that all escaped slaves were, upon capture, to be returned to their masters and that officials and citizens of free states had to cooperate in this law.

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Allowed citizens in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide locally whether to allow slavery.

What was Bleeding Kansas?

A series of violent civil confrontations in the United States between 1854 and 1861 which emerged from a political and ideological debate over the legality of slavery in the proposed state of Kansas.

Who was Dred Scott?

An enslaved African American man who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and that of his wife and their two daughters in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857, popularly known as the Dred Scott decision.

What was the Dred Scott decision?

A landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that the U.S. Constitution was not meant to include American citizenship for people of African descent, regardless of whether they were enslaved or free, and therefore the rights and privileges that the Constitution confers upon American citizens could not apply to them.

Who was John Brown?

An American abolitionist leader. First reaching national prominence for his radical abolitionism and fighting in Bleeding Kansas, he was eventually captured and executed for a failed incitement of a slave rebellion at Harpers Ferry preceding the American Civil War.

What was Harper's Ferry?

An effort by white abolitionist John Brown to initiate a slave revolt in Southern slave states by taking over the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.

Who was Abraham Lincoln?

The 16th President of the United States who led the country through the American Civil War and emancipated slaves.

What were the Lincoln-Douglas Debates?

A series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the 1858 Illinois senatorial campaign, largely concerning the issue of slavery.

What was the Crittenden Compromise?

A series of constitutional amendments introduced in Congress in December 1860 in an attempt to prevent the breakup of the Union. It would have guaranteed the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states by reestablishing the free-slave demarcation line drawn in the 1820 Missouri Compromise.

What were the Confederate States of America?

A republic composed of eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States in 1860 and 1861, precipitating the American Civil War.

Who was Jefferson Davis?

An American politician who served as the only president of the Confederate States of America from 1861 to 1865.

What were the causes of the Civil War?

Primarily slavery, states' rights, and economic differences between the North and South.

What was the Battle of Fort Sumter?

The bombardment of Fort Sumter near Charleston, South Carolina by the Confederate States Army, and the return gunfire and subsequent surrender by the United States Army, that began the American Civil War.

What was the Battle of Antietam?

The first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil (in Maryland). It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties.

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

A presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the Civil War. It proclaimed the freedom of slaves in those states that were still in rebellion.

What was the Battle of Gettysburg?

Considered the turning point of the Civil War favoring the Union, it was the battle with the largest number of casualties.

What was the Gettysburg Address?

A speech that U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivered during the American Civil War at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

Who was Ulysses S. Grant?

A commanding general of the Union Army during the Civil War and the 18th President of the United States.

Who was Robert E. Lee?

A Confederate general during the American Civil War.

What was the Surrender at Appomattox?

The place where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the American Civil War.