ANATOMY TEST #3 Reviw

This is only on the muscles that we learned, NOT about any bony landmarks. ALSO for the erector spinae muscles, I am not completely sure about the origin or insertions!

Sternocleidomastoid(SCM)

**Origin**: Anterior and superior manubrium & superior medial 1/3 of clavicle

**Insertion**: Lateral aspect of mastoid process & anterior 1/2 of superior nuchal line

**Action**:

Unilaterally: laterally flexes head and neck to same side, rotates head to opposite side

Bilaterally flexes neck & assists in inhalation

Anterior Scalenes

**Origin**: C3-C6 transverse processes

**Insertion**: 1st rib

**Action**:

Unilaterally flexes head to same side when rib is fixed, rotates head to opposite side

Bilaterally elevates ribs during inhalation & flexes head and neck

Middle Scalenes

**Origin**:C2-C7 transverse processes

**Insertion**: 1st rib

**Action**:

Unilaterally flexes head same side when rib is fixed, rotates head to opposite side

Bilaterally elevates ribs during inhalation

Posterior Scalenes

**Origin**: C4-C6 transverse processes

**Insertion**: 2nd rib

**Action**:

Unilaterally flexes head to same side when rib is fixed, rotates head to opposite side

Bilaterally elevates ribs during inhalation

Spinalis

It arises from the common origin and extends from the spinous processes in the superior lumbar and inferior thoracic regions to the spinous processes in the superior thoracic region

**Action**:

Unilaterally: laterally flexes head or the vertebral column

Bilaterally: extend head and part or all of the vertebral column

Longissimus

arises from the common origin and is attached to the transverse processes of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae, and the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull.

**Action**:

Unilaterally: laterally flexes head or the vertebral column, rotates head to the same side

Bilaterally: extend head and part or all of the vertebral column

Iliocostalis

arises fromthe common origin and inserts into the angles of the ribs.

**Action**:

Unilaterally: laterally flexes head or the vertebral column

Bilaterally: extend head and part or all of the vertebral column

Multifidus

**Origin**: Transverse process of one vertebrae

**Insertion**: Spinous processes of all vertebrae extending from 2-4 vertebrae higher

**Action**:

Unilaterally rotates vertebral bodies(column) to opposite side and lateral flexion to same side

Bilaterally extends vertebral column

Rotatores

**Origin**: Transverse process of one vertebra

**Insertion**: Spinous process of vertebra 1-2 above

**Action**:

Unilaterally rotate vertebral body to opposite side

Bilaterally extends vertebral column

Rectus Abdominus

**Origin**: Pubis crest, Pubic symphysis

**Insertion**: Ribs(5-6) & Xiphoid Process

**Action**: Trunk flexion with resistance, accessory respiratory muscle

Internal Obliques

**Origin**: Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia

**Insertion**: Inferior three or four costal cartilages, linea alba, conjoined tendon to pubis

**Action**:

Unilaterally: laterally flexes vertebral column to same side, rotates trunk to same side

Bilaterally: flexes the vertebral column & compresses abdominal content

External Obliques

**Origin**: lower 8 ribs at costal cartilages

**Insertion**: crest of ilium, linea alba through rectus sheath

**Action**:

Unilaterally: laterally flexes vertebral column to same side, rotates vertebral column to opposite side

Bilaterally: flexes the vertebral column & compresses abdominal contents

Transverse Abdominus

**Origin**: Cartilages of six lower ribs, throacolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament

**Insertion**: linea alba through rectus sheath, conjoined tendon to pubis

**Action**: compresses abdominal viscera

Diaphragm

**Action**: breathing

Pectoralis Major

**Origin**: medial 1/2 of clavicle, sternum, & cartilage of ribs 1-6

**Insertion**: crest of greater tubercle of humerus

**Action**: adducts, horizontally flexes, flexes, and rotates arm medially

Pectoralis Minor

**Origin**: ribs 3-5

**Insertion**: coracoid process of scapula

**Action**: depresses scapula abducts scapula, tilts scapula anteriorly, assists in forced inhalation

Serratus Anterior

**Origin**: ribs 1-8 or 9

**Insertion**: anterior surface of medial border of scapula

**Action**: draws scapula forward, rotates scapula to raise shoulder in abduction of arm, scapular abduction against resistance

Trapezius

**Origin**: occipital bone, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12

**Insertion**: lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

**Action**:

__Upper fibers:__

Unilaterally: laterally flexes head/neck to same side, rotates head to opposite side, elevates and upwardly rotates scapula

Bilaterally extends head and neck

__Middle fibers:__ adducts and stabilizes scapula

__Lower fibers:__ depresses scapula and upwardly rotates scapula

Rhomboid Major

**Origin**: spinous processes of T2-5

**Insertion**: medial margin of scapula between spine and inferior angle

**Action**: retracts, elevates scapula, & downwardly rotates scapula

Rhomboid Minor

**Origin**: spinous processes of C7-T1, lower part of nuchal ligament

**Insertion**: medial margin of scapula at root of the spine

**Action**: adducts, elevates, & downwardly rotates scapula

Levator Scapulae

**Origin**: transverse processes of C1-C4

**Insertion**: superior angle of scapula

**Action**:

Unilaterally elevates, downwardly rotates scapula, laterally flexes head/neck & rotates head to same side

Bilaterally extends neck and head

Latissimus Dorsi

**Origin**: T6-T12, last 3-4 ribs, posterior iliac crest, & thorocolumnar aponeurosis

**Insertion**: intertubercle groove & crest of lesser tubercle of humerus

**Action**: extension, adduction, internal rotation

Supraspinatus

**Origin**: supraspinous fossa

**Insertion**: greater tuberosity

**Action**: abducts shoulder to about 45 degrees, stabilize head of humerus in glenoid cavity

Infraspinatus

**Origin**: infraspinous fossa

**Insertion**: greater tuberosity

**Action**: laterally rotates, adducts, extends, horizontally abducts shoulder, and stabilizes head of humerus in glenoid fossa

Teres Minor

**Origin**: superior lateral border

**Insertion**: greater tuberosity

**Action**: laterally rotates, adducts, extends, horizontally abducts shoulder, and stabilizes head of humerus in glenoid fossa

Subscapularis

**Origin**: subscapular fossa

**Insertion**: lesser tuberosity

**Action**: internal rotation, stabilizes head of humerus in glenoid fossa

Anterior Deltoid

**Origin**: lateral 1/3 of clavicle

**Insertion**: deltoid tuberosity

**Action**: shoulder flexion, medial rotation, horizontal adduction

Middle Deltoid

**Origin**: border of acromion

**Insertion**: deltoid tuberosity

**Action**: shoulder abduction

Posterior Deltoid

**Origin**: scapular spine

**Insertion**: deltoid tuberosity

**Action**: shoulder extension, lateral rotation, horizontal abduction

Teres Major

**Origin**: inferior angle of scapula & lower 1/2 of lateral border of scapula

**Insertion**: intertubercle groove

**Action:** adduction, internal rotation, shoulder extension

Biceps Brachii

**Origin:**

__Long Head:__ supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

__Short Head__: coracoid process

**Insertion:** radial tuberosity

Action: elbow flexion in hand in supination, shoulder flexion, synergist in supination of forearm

Brachialis

**Origin**: lower 1/2 of humerus

**Insertion**: coranoid process of ulna

**Action**: elbow flexion with hand in pronation

Brachioradialis

**Origin**: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

**Insertion**: radial styloid process

**Action**: elbow flexion with hand in neutral position

Coracobrachialis

**Origin**: coracoid process of scapula

**Insertion**: medial surface of shaft of humerus

**Action**: shoulder flexion, shoulder adduction

Triceps Brachii

**Origin**:

__Long head__: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

__Medial head__: lower 1/2 of posterior humerus

__Lateral head__: upper 1/2 of humerus

**Insertion**: olecranon process

**Actions**: all heads extend elbow; __long head__ extends and adducts shoulder

Anconeus

**Origin**: lateral epicondyle of humerus

**Insertion**: lateral surface of olecranon & superior part of posterior ulnar surface

**Action**: help triceps in extending forearm, stabilizes elbow joint

Flexor Carpi Radialis

**Origin**: medial epicondyle of humerus

**Insertion**: base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals

**Action**: wrist flexion, radial deviation

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

**Origin**: medial epicondyle of humerus

**Insertion**: base of 5th metacarpal

**Action**: wrist flexion, ulnar deviation

Palmaris Longus

**Origin**: medial epicondyle of humerus

**Insertion**: palmar aponeurosis

**Action**: wrist flexion

Extensor Carpi Radialis

**Origin**: lateral epicondyle of humerus

**Insertion**: 2nd and 3rd metacarpals

**Actions**: wrist extension, radial deviation

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

**Origin**: lateral epicondyle of humerus

**Insertion**: base of 5th metacarpal

**Action**: wrist extension, ulnar deviation

Pronator Teres

**Origin**: distal humerus, proximal ulna

**Insertion**: middle of the lateral surface of the radius

**Action**: pronation, weak elbow flexion

Supinator

**Origin**: lateral humerus, superior to epicondyle

**Insertion**: lateral, posterior, and anterior surface of proximal 1/3 of radius

**Action**: supinates forearm

Pronator Quadratus

**Origin**: distal 1/4 of anterior surface of ulna

**Insertion**: distal 1/4 of anterior surface of radius

**Action**: pronates forearm

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

**Origin**: medial epicondyle of humerus

**Insertion**: intermediate phalanx of 2-5

**Action**: flexion of proximal interphalangeal joints

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

**Origin**: shaft of ulna

**Insertion**: distal phalanx of 2-5

**Action**: flexion of distal interphalangeal joints

Extensor Digitorum

**Origin**: lateral epicondyle of humerus

**Insertion**: distal and intermediate phalanx of 2-5

**Action**: extension of distal and proximal interphalangeal joints