APUSH

### 🗿 **Period 1 (1491–1607) – Pre-Columbian to Early Contact** - Columbian Exchange: The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries. - Encomienda System: A Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of subject people. It was essentially a form of slavery. - Pueblo Revolt (1680): Also known as Popé's Rebellion, it was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. - Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonization differences: Each European power had distinct goals, interactions with natives, and governance styles. - Spanish: Focused on resource extraction (gold, silver), converting natives to Christianity, and establishing a rigid social hierarchy. - French: Primarily interested in fur trade, establishing cooperative relationships with natives, and exerting less demographic impact. - Dutch: Focused on trade and establishing commercial networks, particularly through the Dutch East India Company and the colony of New Netherland. - British: Sought territorial expansion, agricultural development, and establishing self-governing colonies with significant demographic impact. - Native American societies (e.g., Iroquois, Mississippians): - Iroquois: A powerful confederacy in the northeastern woodlands, known for their political organization, agricultural practices, and longhouses. - Mississippians: A mound-building culture in the Mississippi River Valley, known for their sophisticated agriculture, urban centers, and hierarchical social structure.

### ⚓ **Period 2 (1607–1754) – Colonial Foundations** - Jamestown / Virginia Company: Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established by the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company seeking profit. - Puritans / City upon a Hill: Puritans were English Protestants seeking religious freedom. They aimed to create a model religious society, a "City upon a Hill," in New England. - Mayflower Compact: The first governing document of Plymouth Colony, written by the Pilgrims, establishing self-governance and a social contract. - Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): An armed rebellion in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley, protesting government corruption and lack of protection from Native American attacks. - Mercantilism: An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. - Navigation Acts: A series of laws passed by the British Parliament that restricted colonial trade, requiring colonists to trade primarily with England. - Triangular Trade: A complex trade system involving the exchange of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, including slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods. - First Great Awakening: A series of religious revivals in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s, characterized by emotional preaching and increased religious fervor. - Salutary Neglect: A British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep the American colonies obedient to England. - House of Burgesses: The first legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in Virginia, allowing elected representatives to create laws and levy taxes.

### ⚔ **Period 3 (1754–1800) – Revolution & Constitution** - French and Indian War (1754–1763): A conflict between Great Britain and France for control of North America, resulting in British victory and increased colonial taxation. - Proclamation of 1763: A British declaration that forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. - Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Tea Act: British parliamentary acts that imposed taxes on the colonies, leading to widespread protest and resistance. - Stamp Act: Taxed printed materials. - Townshend Acts: Taxed goods like tea, glass, and paper. - Tea Act: Granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies. - Boston Massacre / Boston Tea Party: - Boston Massacre: A confrontation in which British soldiers shot and killed several colonists. - Boston Tea Party: A protest in which colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor to resist the Tea Act. - Intolerable Acts: A series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party, further restricting colonial rights. - Common Sense (Thomas Paine): A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine advocating for American independence, which galvanized public opinion. - Declaration of Independence (1776): A formal declaration declaring the American colonies independent from Great Britain, articulating principles of self-governance and natural rights. - Articles of Confederation: The first constitution of the United States, which created a weak central government with limited powers. - Northwest Ordinance (1787): A law that established a process for admitting new states into the Union from the Northwest Territory and prohibited slavery in those territories. - Constitutional Convention / Great Compromise: - Constitutional Convention: A meeting of delegates to draft a new constitution for the United States. - Great Compromise: An agreement that created a bicameral legislature with representation based on population in the House and equal representation in the Senate. - Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists: - Federalists: Supporters of the Constitution who advocated for a strong central government. - Anti-Federalists: Opponents of the Constitution who feared a strong central government and advocated for states' rights. - Bill of Rights: The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms. - George Washington’s Farewell Address: A letter written by President George Washington advising the nation to avoid political factions and entangling alliances. - Alien and Sedition Acts: Laws passed by the Federalist Congress that restricted immigration and limited criticism of the government. - Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: Statements issued by Virginia and Kentucky legislatures arguing that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and asserting states' rights.

### 🧭 **Period 4 (1800–1848) – Jefferson to the Market Revolution** - Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800): The presidential election in which Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams, marking a shift in political power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans. - Marbury v. Madison: A Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, giving the Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional. - Louisiana Purchase: The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France by the United States in 1803, doubling the size of the country. - War of 1812 / Hartford Convention: - War of 1812: A conflict between the United States and Great Britain over maritime rights and territorial expansion. - Hartford Convention: A series of meetings by Federalist delegates expressing opposition to the War of 1812 and proposing constitutional amendments. - Era of Good Feelings: A period of national unity and political harmony following the War of 1812, during which the Federalist Party declined. - Monroe Doctrine: A U.S. foreign policy declaration that opposed European intervention in the Americas and asserted American dominance in the Western Hemisphere. - Market Revolution: A significant transformation of the American economy characterized by increased industrialization, transportation improvements, and commercial agriculture. - Second Great Awakening: A series of religious revivals in the early 19th century that emphasized personal conversion and social reform. - Cult of Domesticity: A prevailing ideology that emphasized the importance of women's roles in the home as moral guardians and caretakers. - Seneca Falls Convention (1848): The first women's rights convention in the United States, advocating for women's suffrage and equal rights. - Jacksonian Democracy: A political movement associated with President Andrew Jackson that promoted greater democracy for the common man and expanded suffrage. - Indian Removal Act / Trail of Tears: - Indian Removal Act: Legislation that authorized the forced removal of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States. - Trail of Tears: The forced march of Cherokee Indians from their lands in the Southeast to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma), resulting in thousands of deaths. - Bank War: A political struggle between President Andrew Jackson and the Second Bank of the United States, resulting in the bank's demise. - Nullification Crisis: A conflict between the federal government and South Carolina over the state's attempt to nullify federal tariffs. - Whigs vs. Democrats: - Whigs: A political party that opposed Andrew Jackson and advocated for internal improvements, a national bank, and protective tariffs. - Democrats: A political party that supported Andrew Jackson and advocated for states' rights, limited government, and westward expansion. - Transcendentalism (Emerson, Thoreau): A philosophical and literary movement that emphasized individualism, intuition, and the inherent goodness of people and nature.

### 🔥 **Period 5 (1844–1877) – Expansion, Civil War, & Reconstruction** - Manifest Destiny: The belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent. - Mexican-American War / Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: - Mexican-American War: A conflict between the United States and Mexico resulting in American acquisition of vast territories in the Southwest. - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: The treaty that ended the Mexican-American War, ceding territory including California, New Mexico, and Arizona to the United States. - Wilmot Proviso: A proposal to prohibit slavery in the territories acquired from Mexico, intensifying the debate over slavery. - Compromise of 1850 / Fugitive Slave Act: - Compromise of 1850: A series of laws intended to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the admission of California as a free state and the enactment of the Fugitive Slave Act. - Fugitive Slave Act: A law that required the return of escaped slaves to their owners, increasing tensions between the North and South. - Kansas-Nebraska Act / Bleeding Kansas: - Kansas-Nebraska Act: Legislation that allowed popular sovereignty to determine the issue of slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, leading to violence. - Bleeding Kansas: A series of violent confrontations in Kansas over the issue of slavery, as pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces clashed. - Dred Scott v. Sandford: A Supreme Court decision that denied citizenship to enslaved people and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. - Lincoln-Douglas Debates: A series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the 1858 Illinois Senate race, focusing on the issue of slavery. - Election of 1860 / Secession: - Election of 1860: The presidential election in which Abraham Lincoln's victory led to the secession of Southern states. - Secession: The withdrawal of Southern states from the Union, leading to the outbreak of the Civil War. - Civil War (Fort Sumter to Appomattox): - Civil War: A conflict between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South) over the issues of slavery and states' rights. - Fort Sumter: The opening battle of the Civil War. - Appomattox: The site of the Confederate surrender, effectively ending the Civil War. - Emancipation Proclamation: A declaration issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863, freeing slaves in Confederate-held territory. - Gettysburg Address: A speech delivered by President Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery, emphasizing the principles of equality and national unity. - Reconstruction Amendments (13th, 14th, 15th): - 13th Amendment: Abolished slavery. - 14th Amendment: Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the United States. - 15th Amendment: Prohibited the denial of voting rights based on race or previous condition of servitude. - Freedmen’s Bureau: A federal agency established to aid freed slaves and refugees in the aftermath of the Civil War. - Black Codes / Jim Crow: - Black Codes: Restrictive laws passed by Southern states to limit the rights and freedoms of African Americans. - Jim Crow: State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. - Radical Republicans: A faction of the Republican Party that advocated for greater rights and protections for African Americans during Reconstruction. - Compromise of 1877: An agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election and effectively ended Reconstruction.

### 🏭 **Period 6 (1865–1898) – Gilded Age** - Second Industrial Revolution: A period of rapid industrial growth and technological innovation in the late 19th century, characterized by the rise of new industries and mass production. - Robber Barons / Captains of Industry: - Robber Barons: Industrialists who amassed wealth and power through exploitative business practices. - Captains of Industry: Business leaders who contributed positively to the economy through innovation, philanthropy, and job creation. - Gospel of Wealth: An essay written by Andrew Carnegie promoting philanthropy and the idea that wealthy individuals have a responsibility to use their wealth for the benefit of society. - Labor unions (AFL, Knights of Labor): - AFL (American Federation of Labor): A labor union that focused on skilled workers and advocated for better wages, working conditions, and collective bargaining. - Knights of Labor: An inclusive labor union that sought to organize all workers, skilled and unskilled, into one large organization. - Strikes (Homestead, Pullman): - Homestead Strike: A labor dispute between the Carnegie Steel Company and its workers, resulting in violence and the defeat of the union. - Pullman Strike: A nationwide railroad strike that disrupted commerce and led to federal intervention. - Social Darwinism: The application of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to society, justifying social inequality and the dominance of certain groups. - Immigration (Ellis Island): The main immigration station on the East Coast, where millions of immigrants were processed upon arrival in the United States. - Nativism / Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): - Nativism: The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants. - Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): A law that prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States. - Political machines / Tammany Hall: - Political Machines: Corrupt political organizations that controlled city governments through patronage, bribery, and intimidation. - Tammany Hall: The most famous political machine, based in New York City. - Granger Movement / Populism: - Granger Movement: A farmers' movement that advocated for government regulation of railroads and other industries. - Populism: A political movement that sought to represent the interests of farmers and laborers against the wealthy elite. - Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): A Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of "separate but equal." - Dawes Act (1887): A law that aimed to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream American society by dividing tribal lands into individual plots. - Wounded Knee (1890): The site of a massacre of Lakota Native Americans by U.S. soldiers, marking the end of the Indian Wars.

### 🌎 **Period 7 (1890–1945) – Imperialism, Progressivism, and Global Wars** - Spanish-American War / Treaty of Paris (1898): - Spanish-American War: A conflict between the United States and Spain, resulting in American acquisition of territories including Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. - Treaty of Paris (1898): The treaty that ended the Spanish-American War. - Roosevelt Corollary: An addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting the right of the United States to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries. - Progressive Era (muckrakers, reforms): - Progressive Era: A period of social and political reform aimed at addressing issues such as corruption, inequality, and social injustice. - Muckrakers: Investigative journalists who exposed corruption and social problems. - Reforms: Measures enacted to address social and political issues, such as workplace safety, child labor, and political corruption. - 16th–19th Amendments: - 16th Amendment: Authorized the federal government to collect income taxes. - 17th Amendment: Provided for the direct election of senators. - 18th Amendment: Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol (Prohibition). - 19th Amendment: Granted women the right to vote. - WWI (Causes, U.S. entry, Wilson's 14 Points): - Causes: Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. - U.S. entry: Triggered by unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram. - Wilson's 14 Points: President Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace after World War I, advocating for self-determination, free trade, and the League of Nations. - Treaty of Versailles / League of Nations: - Treaty of Versailles: The treaty that ended World War I, imposing harsh terms on Germany. - League of Nations: An international organization established to promote peace and cooperation among nations. - Red Scare / Palmer Raids: - Red Scare: A period of intense anti-communist hysteria in the United States after World War I. - Palmer Raids: A series of raids conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice to arrest and deport suspected radicals and anarchists. - Roaring Twenties (flappers, consumerism, Harlem Renaissance): - Roaring Twenties: A period of economic prosperity and cultural change characterized by new forms of entertainment, fashion, and social expression. - Flappers: Young women who challenged traditional gender roles and embraced new freedoms. - Consumerism: The increasing emphasis on the purchase of goods and services. - Harlem Renaissance: A cultural and artistic movement among African Americans in Harlem, New York. - Great Depression (Causes, Dust Bowl): - Causes: Stock market crash, bank failures, overproduction, and unequal distribution of wealth. - Dust Bowl: A severe drought and dust storms that devastated the agricultural regions of the Great Plains. - New Deal (1st and 2nd): - New Deal: A series of programs and reforms enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat the Great Depression. - 1st New Deal: Focused on relief and recovery. - 2nd New Deal: Emphasized social and economic security. - Court Packing Plan: President Franklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to expand the Supreme Court to appoint justices who would support his New Deal programs. - Pearl Harbor / U.S. entry into WWII: A surprise attack by the Japanese on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, leading to the United States' entry into World War II. - Homefront (internment, women in workforce): - Internment: The forced relocation and detention of Japanese Americans during World War II. - Women in workforce: Increased participation of women in the workforce to fill labor shortages during the war. - Manhattan Project / Hiroshima & Nagasaki: - Manhattan Project: A top-secret project to develop the atomic bomb. - Hiroshima & Nagasaki: The two Japanese cities that were targeted with atomic bombs, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of World War II.

### 💣 **Period 8 (1945–1980) – Cold War & Social Movements** - Containment / Truman Doctrine / Marshall Plan: - Containment: A U.S. foreign policy strategy to prevent the spread of communism. - Truman Doctrine: President Harry Truman's policy of providing economic and military assistance to countries threatened by communism. - Marshall Plan: A U.S. program to provide economic aid to rebuild Europe after World War II. - NATO / Warsaw Pact: - NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): A military alliance between the United States, Canada, and Western European countries. - Warsaw Pact: A military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Eastern Europe. - Korean War: A conflict between North Korea (supported by China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (supported by the United States and the United Nations). - Eisenhower Doctrine: President Dwight D. Eisenhower's policy of providing military and economic assistance to Middle Eastern countries threatened by communism. - Vietnam War / Gulf of Tonkin: - Vietnam War: A conflict between North Vietnam (communists) and South Vietnam (supported by the United States). - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: A congressional resolution that authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to take military action in Vietnam. - Civil Rights Movement (Brown v. Board, Civil Rights Act 1964, Voting Rights Act 1965): - Civil Rights Movement: A struggle for racial equality and an end to segregation and discrimination. - Brown v. Board of Education: A Supreme Court decision that declared state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional. - Civil Rights Act of 1964: Legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. - Voting Rights Act of 1965: Legislation that prohibited racial discrimination in voting. - MLK, Malcolm X: - MLK (Martin Luther King Jr.): A civil rights leader who advocated for nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience. - Malcolm X: A civil rights leader who advocated for black separatism and self-defense. - Feminist Movement / ERA: - Feminist Movement: A movement advocating for women's rights and gender equality. - ERA (Equal Rights Amendment): Proposed amendment to the Constitution that would guarantee equal rights for women. - Great Society / War on Poverty: - Great Society: President Lyndon B. Johnson's program to address poverty, inequality, and social injustice. - War on Poverty: A series of programs aimed at reducing poverty and improving the lives of low-income Americans. - Watergate Scandal: A political scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. - Environmentalism / EPA: - Environmentalism: A movement advocating for the protection of the environment. - EPA (Environmental Protection Agency): A federal agency responsible for protecting human health and the environment. - Iranian Hostage Crisis: A diplomatic crisis in which Iranian students held American diplomats hostage for 444 days.

### 💻 **Period 9 (1980–Present) – Modern America** - Reaganomics / Conservative Movement: - Reaganomics: President Ronald Reagan's economic policies, which included tax cuts, deregulation, and reduced government spending. - Conservative Movement: A political movement that advocates for traditional values, limited government, and free markets. - End of Cold War / Fall of Berlin Wall: - End of Cold War: The collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the ideological and geopolitical struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. - Fall of Berlin Wall: The dismantling of the Berlin Wall, symbolizing the end of the Cold War and the reunification of Germany. - 9/11 and War on Terror: - 9/11: Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. - War on Terror: A global campaign led by the United States to combat terrorism. - Affordable Care Act: A health care reform law aimed at increasing access to health insurance and reducing health care costs. - Globalization / NAFTA: - Globalization: The increasing interconnectedness of the world through trade, communication, and cultural exchange. - NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement): An agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico to eliminate trade barriers. - Digital Revolution: The rapid advancement of technology and the increasing use of computers, the Internet, and digital devices. - Immigration debates: Ongoing debates over immigration policy, border security, and the rights of immigrants. - Climate change & environmental policy: Debates and policies related to addressing climate change and protecting the environment. - Social media & political polarization: The increasing use of social media and its impact on political discourse and polarization.

### 🗿 **Period 1 (1491–1607) – Pre-Columbian to Early Contact** - Columbian Exchange: The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries. - Encomienda System: A Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of subject people. It was essentially a form of slavery. - Pueblo Revolt (1680): Also known as Popé's Rebellion, it was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. - Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonization differences: Each European power had distinct goals, interactions with natives, and governance styles. - Spanish: Focused on resource extraction (gold, silver), converting natives to Christianity, and establishing a rigid social hierarchy. - French: Primarily interested in fur trade, establishing cooperative relationships with natives, and exerting less demographic impact. - Dutch: Focused on trade and establishing commercial networks, particularly through the Dutch East India Company and the colony of New Netherland. - British: Sought territorial expansion, agricultural development, and establishing self-governing colonies with significant demographic impact. - Native American societies (e.g., Iroquois, Mississippians): - Iroquois: A powerful confederacy in the northeastern woodlands, known for their political organization, agricultural practices, and longhouses. - Mississippians: A mound-building culture in the Mississippi River Valley, known for their sophisticated agriculture, urban centers, and hierarchical social structure.

### ⚓ **Period 2 (1607–1754) – Colonial Foundations** - Jamestown / Virginia Company: Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established by the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company seeking profit. - Puritans / City upon a Hill: Puritans were English Protestants seeking religious freedom. They aimed to create a model religious society, a "City upon a Hill," in New England. - Mayflower Compact: The first governing document of Plymouth Colony, written by the Pilgrims, establishing self-governance and a social contract. - Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): An armed rebellion in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley, protesting government corruption and lack of protection from Native American attacks. - Mercantilism: An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. - Navigation Acts: A series of laws passed by the British Parliament that restricted colonial trade, requiring colonists to trade primarily with England. - Triangular Trade: A complex trade system involving the exchange of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, including slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods. - First Great Awakening: A series of religious revivals in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s, characterized by emotional preaching and increased religious fervor. - Salutary Neglect: A British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep the American colonies obedient to England. - House of Burgesses: The first legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in Virginia, allowing elected representatives to create laws and levy taxes.

### ⚔ **Period 3 (1754–1800) – Revolution & Constitution** - French and Indian War (1754–1763): A conflict between Great Britain and France for control of North America, resulting in British victory and increased colonial taxation. - Proclamation of 1763: A British declaration that forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. - Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Tea Act: British parliamentary acts that imposed taxes on the colonies, leading to widespread protest and resistance. - Stamp Act: Taxed printed materials. - Townshend Acts: Taxed goods like tea, glass, and paper. - Tea Act: Granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies. - Boston Massacre / Boston Tea Party: - Boston Massacre: A confrontation in which British soldiers shot and killed several colonists. - Boston Tea Party: A protest in which colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor to resist the Tea Act. - Intolerable Acts: A series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party, further restricting colonial rights. - Common Sense (Thomas Paine): A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine advocating for American independence, which galvanized public opinion. - Declaration of Independence (1776): A formal declaration declaring the American colonies independent from Great Britain, articulating principles of self-governance and natural rights. - Articles of Confederation: The first constitution of the United States, which created a weak central government with limited powers. - Northwest Ordinance (1787): A law that established a process for admitting new states into the Union from the Northwest Territory and prohibited slavery in those territories. - Constitutional Convention / Great Compromise: - Constitutional Convention: A meeting of delegates to draft a new constitution for the United States. - Great Compromise: An agreement that created a bicameral legislature with representation based on population in the House and equal representation in the Senate. - Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists: - Federalists: Supporters of the Constitution who advocated for a strong central government. - Anti-Federalists: Opponents of the Constitution who feared a strong central government and advocated for states' rights. - Bill of Rights: The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms. - George Washington’s Farewell Address: A letter written by President George Washington advising the nation to avoid political factions and entangling alliances. - Alien and Sedition Acts: Laws passed by the Federalist Congress that restricted immigration and limited criticism of the government. - Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: Statements issued by Virginia and Kentucky legislatures arguing that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and asserting states' rights.

### 🧭 **Period 4 (1800–1848) – Jefferson to the Market Revolution** - Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800): The presidential election in which Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams, marking a shift in political power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans. - Marbury v. Madison: A Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, giving the Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional. - Louisiana Purchase: The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France by the United States in 1803, doubling the size of the country. - War of 1812 / Hartford Convention: - War of 1812: A conflict between the United States and Great Britain over maritime rights and territorial expansion. - Hartford Convention: A series of meetings by Federalist delegates expressing opposition to the War of 1812 and proposing constitutional amendments. - Era of Good Feelings: A period of national unity and political harmony following the War of 1812, during which the Federalist Party declined. - Monroe Doctrine: A U.S. foreign policy declaration that opposed European intervention in the Americas and asserted American dominance in the Western Hemisphere. - Market Revolution: A significant transformation of the American economy characterized by increased industrialization, transportation improvements, and commercial agriculture. - Second Great Awakening: A series of religious revivals in the early 19th century that emphasized personal conversion and social reform. - Cult of Domesticity: A prevailing ideology that emphasized the importance of women's roles in the home as moral guardians and caretakers. - Seneca Falls Convention (1848): The first women's rights convention in the United States, advocating for women's suffrage and equal rights. - Jacksonian Democracy: A political movement associated with President Andrew Jackson that promoted greater democracy for the common man and expanded suffrage. - Indian Removal Act / Trail of Tears: - Indian Removal Act: Legislation that authorized the forced removal of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States. - Trail of Tears: The forced march of Cherokee Indians from their lands in the Southeast to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma), resulting in thousands of deaths. - Bank War: A political struggle between President Andrew Jackson and the Second Bank of the United States, resulting in the bank's demise. - Nullification Crisis: A conflict between the federal government and South Carolina over the state's attempt to nullify federal tariffs. - Whigs vs. Democrats: - Whigs: A political party that opposed Andrew Jackson and advocated for internal improvements, a national bank, and protective tariffs. - Democrats: A political party that supported Andrew Jackson and advocated for states' rights, limited government, and westward expansion. - Transcendentalism (Emerson, Thoreau): A philosophical and literary movement that emphasized individualism, intuition, and the inherent goodness of people and nature.

### 🔥 **Period 5 (1844–1877) – Expansion, Civil War, & Reconstruction** - Manifest Destiny: The belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent. - Mexican-American War / Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: - Mexican-American War: A conflict between the United States and Mexico resulting in American acquisition of vast territories in the Southwest. - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: The treaty that ended the Mexican-American War, ceding territory including California, New Mexico, and Arizona to the United States. - Wilmot Proviso: A proposal to prohibit slavery in the territories acquired from Mexico, intensifying the debate over slavery. - Compromise of 1850 / Fugitive Slave Act: - Compromise of 1850: A series of laws intended to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the admission of California as a free state and the enactment of the Fugitive Slave Act. - Fugitive Slave Act: A law that required the return of escaped slaves to their owners, increasing tensions between the North and South. - Kansas-Nebraska Act / Bleeding Kansas: - Kansas-Nebraska Act: Legislation that allowed popular sovereignty to determine the issue of slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, leading to violence. - Bleeding Kansas: A series of violent confrontations in Kansas over the issue of slavery, as pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces clashed. - Dred Scott v. Sandford: A Supreme Court decision that denied citizenship to enslaved people and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. - Lincoln-Douglas Debates: A series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the 1858 Illinois Senate race, focusing on the issue of slavery. - Election of 1860 / Secession: - Election of 1860: The presidential election in which Abraham Lincoln's victory led to the secession of Southern states. - Secession: The withdrawal of Southern states from the Union, leading to the outbreak of the Civil War. - Civil War (Fort Sumter to Appomattox): - Civil War: A conflict between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South) over the issues of slavery and states' rights. - Fort Sumter: The opening battle of the Civil War. - Appomattox: The site of the Confederate surrender, effectively ending the Civil War. - Emancipation Proclamation: A declaration issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863, freeing slaves in Confederate-held territory. - Gettysburg Address: A speech delivered by President Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery, emphasizing the principles of equality and national unity. - Reconstruction Amendments (13th, 14th, 15th): - 13th Amendment: Abolished slavery. - 14th Amendment: Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the United States. - 15th Amendment: Prohibited the denial of voting rights based on race or previous condition of servitude. - Freedmen’s Bureau: A federal agency established to aid freed slaves and refugees in the aftermath of the Civil War. - Black Codes / Jim Crow: - Black Codes: Restrictive laws passed by Southern states to limit the rights and freedoms of African Americans. - Jim Crow: State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. - Radical Republicans: A faction of the Republican Party that advocated for greater rights and protections for African Americans during Reconstruction. - Compromise of 1877: An agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election and effectively ended Reconstruction.

### 🏭 **Period 6 (1865–1898) – Gilded Age** - Second Industrial Revolution: A period of rapid industrial growth and technological innovation in the late 19th century, characterized by the rise of new industries and mass production. - Robber Barons / Captains of Industry: - Robber Barons: Industrialists who amassed wealth and power through exploitative business practices. - Captains of Industry: Business leaders who contributed positively to the economy through innovation, philanthropy, and job creation. - Gospel of Wealth: An essay written by Andrew Carnegie promoting philanthropy and the idea that wealthy individuals have a responsibility to use their wealth for the benefit of society. - Labor unions (AFL, Knights of Labor): - AFL (American Federation of Labor): A labor union that focused on skilled workers and advocated for better wages, working conditions, and collective bargaining. - Knights of Labor: An inclusive labor union that sought to organize all workers, skilled and unskilled, into one large organization. - Strikes (Homestead, Pullman): - Homestead Strike: A labor dispute between the Carnegie Steel Company and its workers, resulting in violence and the defeat of the union. - Pullman Strike: A nationwide railroad strike that disrupted commerce and led to federal intervention. - Social Darwinism: The application of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to society, justifying social inequality and the dominance of certain groups. - Immigration (Ellis Island): The main immigration station on the East Coast, where millions of immigrants were processed upon arrival in the United States. - Nativism / Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): - Nativism: The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants. - Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): A law that prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States. - Political machines / Tammany Hall: - Political Machines: Corrupt political organizations that controlled city governments through patronage, bribery, and intimidation. - Tammany Hall: The most famous political machine, based in New York City. - Granger Movement / Populism: - Granger Movement: A farmers' movement that advocated for government regulation of railroads and other industries. - Populism: A political movement that sought to represent the interests of farmers and laborers against the wealthy elite. - Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): A Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of "separate but equal." - Dawes Act (1887): A law that aimed to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream American society by dividing tribal lands into individual plots. - Wounded Knee (1890): The site of a massacre of Lakota Native Americans by U.S. soldiers, marking the end of the Indian Wars.

### 🌎 **Period 7 (1890–1945) – Imperialism, Progressivism, and Global Wars** - Spanish-American War / Treaty of Paris (1898): - Spanish-American War: A conflict between the United States and Spain, resulting in American acquisition of territories including Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. - Treaty of Paris (1898): The treaty that ended the Spanish-American War. - Roosevelt Corollary: An addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting the right of the United States to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries. - Progressive Era (muckrakers, reforms): - Progressive Era: A period of social and political reform aimed at addressing issues such as corruption, inequality, and social injustice. - Muckrakers: Investigative journalists who exposed corruption and social problems. - Reforms: Measures enacted to address social and political issues, such as workplace safety, child labor, and political corruption. - 16th–19th Amendments: - 16th Amendment: Authorized the federal government to collect income taxes. - 17th Amendment: Provided for the direct election of senators. - 18th Amendment: Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol (Prohibition). - 19th Amendment: Granted women the right to vote. - WWI (Causes, U.S. entry, Wilson's 14 Points): - Causes: Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. - U.S. entry: Triggered by unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram. - Wilson's 14 Points: President Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace after World War I, advocating for self-determination, free trade, and the League of Nations. - Treaty of Versailles / League of Nations: - Treaty of Versailles: The treaty that ended World War I, imposing harsh terms on Germany. - League of Nations: An international organization established to promote peace and cooperation among nations. - Red Scare / Palmer Raids: - Red Scare: A period of intense anti-communist hysteria in the United States after World War I. - Palmer Raids: A series of raids conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice to arrest and deport suspected radicals and anarchists. - Roaring Twenties (flappers, consumerism, Harlem Renaissance): - Roaring Twenties: A period of economic prosperity and cultural change characterized by new forms of entertainment, fashion, and social expression. - Flappers: Young women who challenged traditional gender roles and embraced new freedoms. - Consumerism: The increasing emphasis on the purchase of goods and services. - Harlem Renaissance: A cultural and artistic movement among African Americans in Harlem, New York. - Great Depression (Causes, Dust Bowl): - Causes: Stock market crash, bank failures, overproduction, and unequal distribution of wealth. - Dust Bowl: A severe drought and dust storms that devastated the agricultural regions of the Great Plains. - New Deal (1st and 2nd): - New Deal: A series of programs and reforms enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat the Great Depression. - 1st New Deal: Focused on relief and recovery. - 2nd New Deal: Emphasized social and economic security. - Court Packing Plan: President Franklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to expand the Supreme Court to appoint justices who would support his New Deal programs. - Pearl Harbor / U.S. entry into WWII: A surprise attack by the Japanese on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, leading to the United States' entry into World War II. - Homefront (internment, women in workforce): - Internment: The forced relocation and detention of Japanese Americans during World War II. - Women in workforce: Increased participation of women in the workforce to fill labor shortages during the war. - Manhattan Project / Hiroshima & Nagasaki: - Manhattan Project: A top-secret project to develop the atomic bomb. - Hiroshima & Nagasaki: The two Japanese cities that were targeted with atomic bombs, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of World War II.

### 💣 **Period 8 (1945–1980) – Cold War & Social Movements** - Containment / Truman Doctrine / Marshall Plan: - Containment: A U.S. foreign policy strategy to prevent the spread of communism. - Truman Doctrine: President Harry Truman's policy of providing economic and military assistance to countries threatened by communism. - Marshall Plan: A U.S. program to provide economic aid to rebuild Europe after World War II. - NATO / Warsaw Pact: - NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): A military alliance between the United States, Canada, and Western European countries. - Warsaw Pact: A military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Eastern Europe. - Korean War: A conflict between North Korea (supported by China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (supported by the United States and the United Nations). - Eisenhower Doctrine: President Dwight D. Eisenhower's policy of providing military and economic assistance to Middle Eastern countries threatened by communism. - Vietnam War / Gulf of Tonkin: - Vietnam War: A conflict between North Vietnam (communists) and South Vietnam (supported by the United States). - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: A congressional resolution that authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to take military action in Vietnam. - Civil Rights Movement (Brown v. Board, Civil Rights Act 1964, Voting Rights Act 1965): - Civil Rights Movement: A struggle for racial equality and an end to segregation and discrimination. - Brown v. Board of Education: A Supreme Court decision that declared state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional. - Civil Rights Act of 1964: Legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. - Voting Rights Act of 1965: Legislation that prohibited racial discrimination in voting. - MLK, Malcolm X: - MLK (Martin Luther King Jr.): A civil rights leader who advocated for nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience. - Malcolm X: A civil rights leader who advocated for black separatism and self-defense. - Feminist Movement / ERA: - Feminist Movement: A movement advocating for women's rights and gender equality. - ERA (Equal Rights Amendment): Proposed amendment to the Constitution that would guarantee equal rights for women. - Great Society / War on Poverty: - Great Society: President Lyndon B. Johnson's program to address poverty, inequality, and social injustice. - War on Poverty: A series of programs aimed at reducing poverty and improving the lives of low-income Americans. - Watergate Scandal: A political scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. - Environmentalism / EPA: - Environmentalism: A movement advocating for the protection of the environment. - EPA (Environmental Protection Agency): A federal agency responsible for protecting human health and the environment. - Iranian Hostage Crisis: A diplomatic crisis in which Iranian students held American diplomats hostage for 444 days.

### 💻 **Period 9 (1980–Present) – Modern America** - Reaganomics / Conservative Movement: - Reaganomics: President Ronald Reagan's economic policies, which included tax cuts, deregulation, and reduced government spending. - Conservative Movement: A political movement that advocates for traditional values, limited government, and free markets. - End of Cold War / Fall of Berlin Wall: - End of Cold War: The collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the ideological and geopolitical struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. - Fall of Berlin Wall: The dismantling of the Berlin Wall, symbolizing the end of the Cold War and the reunification of Germany. - 9/11 and War on Terror: - 9/11: Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. - War on Terror: A global campaign led by the United States to combat terrorism. - Affordable Care Act: A health care reform law aimed at increasing access to health insurance and reducing health care costs. - Globalization / NAFTA: - Globalization: The increasing interconnectedness of the world through trade, communication, and cultural exchange. - NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement): An agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico to eliminate trade barriers. - Digital Revolution: The rapid advancement of technology and the increasing use of computers, the Internet, and digital devices. - Immigration debates: Ongoing debates over immigration policy, border security, and the rights of immigrants. - Climate change & environmental policy: Debates and policies related to addressing climate change and protecting the environment. - Social media & political polarization: The increasing use of social media and its impact on political discourse and polarization.