[BOTAONE] LONG EXAM 2

Photosynthesis

The significant biological process of converting light into chemical energy (glucose to ATP) through a redox process involving the oxidation of water and the reduction of carbon dioxide.

Light Reactions

The initial stage of photosynthesis that is light-dependent, converting solar energy into chemical energy (ATP, NADPH).

Chloroplast

The organelle where photosynthesis takes place in plant cells.

Thylakoids

Flattened disk-like structures within the chloroplast where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur.

Granum

Stacks of thylakoids in the chloroplast.

Chlorophyll

Pigment molecules in the thylakoid membrane responsible for the green color of plants.

Calvin Cycle

The second stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the stroma, where ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose precursors.

C3 Photosynthesis

The most common photosynthetic pathway where RuBisCo attaches CO2 to RuBP to generate a 3-carbon compound.

C4 Photosynthesis

A photosynthetic pathway found in 3% of land plants, adapted to hot and dry environments, fixing CO2 into a 4-carbon compound.

CAM Photosynthesis

A photosynthetic pathway where CO2 is taken in at night and stored for use during the day, found in plants adapted to extreme arid environments.

Aerobic Respiration

The biological process using oxygen to produce ATP in cells.

Anaerobic Respiration

The biological process producing ATP without the use of oxygen, as in fermentation.

Glycolysis

The initial step of cellular respiration where glucose is converted into pyruvate.

Krebs Cycle

The stage of cellular respiration where Acetyl CoA is oxidized to produce ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.

Mitochondria

The organelle known as the powerhouse of the cell, where ATP is produced during cellular respiration.

Fermentation

The process where NADH is used to produce either lactate or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division, including G1, S, and G2 phases.

Mitosis

The process of cell division where duplicated chromosomes are separated into two nuclei, involving prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

Synapsis

The pairing of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis.

Crossing over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis.

Cell Cycle Control System

The system that regulates the progression of a cell through the cell cycle.

Checkpoint Proteins

Proteins that monitor progression through the cell cycle.

Cyclins

Proteins that regulate the passage of the cell through cell cycle checkpoints.