Unit 2

White Temple and Ziggurat

Uruk, Iraq; Sumerian; Mudbrick Structure; Sumerian King(patron); 3517-3358 BCE; Religious and governmental; Ziggurat is on top for city-center activities, Temple is on the bottom for religion(whitewashed mudbrick); There are two rows of rooms in the temple, with these rooms serving as a waiting room to interact with Anu; This is an active religious space, with animal remains found here; Gypsum tablets were also found; This would’ve been the city’s focal point; Themes: Religious, civic, governmental; Comparisons: Stonehenge, The Great Hall of Bulls

Statues of Votive Figures

Temple of Eshunna, Iraq; Sumerian; Form: Gypsum, alabaster, shell, and black limestone; 2900-2600 BCE; Religious(a representation of continous prayer); These are not exact recreations of the people, everyone looks similar; They have wide eyes and hands clapsed in prayer; All the designs are very stylized and cylindrical; These would have been comissioned by the people; Themes: Religious, ceremonial; Comparisons: Tlatico Figurine, Ambum Stone

Standard of Ur

Royal Graves at Ur, Iraq; Sumerian; Wood, bitumen, in-laid stone; King/General(patron); 2600-2400 BCE; Function(ideas): Rallying point for troops, indicator of where the general is, musical instrument; Mosiac: one side represents war(war, executions, captives), the other peace(people preparing feast, gathering animals and musicians, feasting and music); Use of lapis lazuli indicates how precious it was; Read from right to left, bottom to top; Shows the full story of the battle; Hierarchy shows that the general is the most important man in the story; Discovered by Leonard Woolley; many burials and sacrifical victims were found around it(found at a royal gravesite/religious site for Nanna); Not all pieces used are exogenous to Iraq; Theme: Honorary; Comparisons: The Great Hall of Bulls

Law Code Stele of Hammurabi

Iraq; Babylonian; Basalt; Hammurabi(patron); 1792-1750 BCE; Honorary(commemorates Hammurabi); Low relief carving; Shows the interaction between Hammurabi and Shamash(sun god): Shamash is seated on a ziggurat, and gives the King a ring, rope, and rod; Prolouge explains scene(top), middle explains rules, bottom praises King; Hammurabi is showing his mandate of heaven; Themes: Honorary, governmental

Lamassu

Iraq; Neo-Assyrian; Alabaster; 750-705 BCE; Entrance; Made from four different animals: man, eagle, lion, and ox; Has five feet(when you stand in the front, you see two, when you stand from the side, you see four); Lamassus were very spriritual, and were often associated with the stars and sky, utilized by everyone; Theme: Spirtiual Art; Comparisons: Stonehenge, Ambum Stone

Auidence Hall of Dariush and Xerxes

Persepolis, Iran; Persian; Limestone and precious woods; Dariush and Xerxes(patrons); Royal and governmental(a reception area where the Shah communicates with local kings); Two palaces(one for Dariush, the other for Xerxes); Capitals have different animals on them(bulls, lions eagles); Roofs were made from wood; First example of monumental construction; Low-relief carvings of soliders walking in a line towards the Shah represents the nations they rule over; First example of a hypostyle hall; “Discovered” in the 1930s by the Germans; Theme: Governmental; Comparisons: Stonehenge, Law Code Stele of Hammurabi, White Temple and Ziggurat

Palette of Narmer

Egypt; Predynastic; Slate; King Narmer(patron); 3000-2920 BCE: Used for offical royal makeup + represented the unification of upper and lower Egypt; Front: Hathor is at the top(representing Narmer’s power), Narmer’s name is written in hieroglyphics(wearing a crown that represents lower Egypt) -- an attendant walks behind him with shoes, meaning that he is walking on holy ground -- two long-necked leopards with crisscrossed necks(representing unification); Back: Hathor(again), Narmer wearing the upper Egypt crown subduing an enemy, Sandal-bearer, Horus(eagle) is standing on top of Papyrus and is holding a rope with the head of an enemy; Bottom: Dead enemies; Theme: Honorary; Comparisons: Law Code Stele of Hammurabi

Seated Scribe

Djoser’s Pyramid, Egypt; Old Kingdom; Painted limestone; Djoser(patron); 2620-2500 BCE; A figure that will write down Djoser’s deeds; Older man sitting crisscross(apple sauce), holding a papyrus and quill, less-relaxed; Age shows his intellect and wiseness; First 3d naturalistic man(additionally, naturalism is not often found in Ancient Egyptian art); Theme: Funerary; Comparisons: Anthropomorphic Stele

Great Pyramids of Giza(General)

Giza, Egypt; Old Kingdom; Cut Limestone; Menkaure, Khafe, and Khufu(patrons); 2551-2472 BCE; Tombs/palaces for the afterlife; All pyramids align witb the cardinal points(they also match the constellation Orion) Theme: Mortuary; Comparisons: Bushel with Ibex Motifs, Jade Cong, Auidence Hall of Dariush and Xerxes

Khufu’s Pyramid

Largest tomb; Schools, study centers, deconstructed boats, and cemeteries are all around this; Khufu was the most important King; Many sites inside were sealed behind walls(with booby traps) to ensure grave robbers couldn’t get in; Gilt capstone was included, along with subterranean rooms

Khafre’s Pyramid

Second son to Khufu; Smaller, but taller(sits on a platform); Much simplier than Khufu’s Pyramid(could have died early or unexpectedly); Sphinix may be a representation of him: found outside his grave, original head could’ve been a cat

Menkaure’s Pyramid

Smallest; Simple construction(entirely subterranean); Most damaged -- his pyramid was explored with explosives; His body was found in a black-stone sarcophagus that was later lost at sea

Menkaure and Wife

Menkaure’s Pyramid, Giza; Old Kingdom; Greywacke; Menkaure(patron); 2490-2472 BCE; This is an in the round martial portrait; An example of a woman ebing represented the same with a man; Memorial piece; All extremities are close together(to ensure they won’t break off); Menkaure is wearing a Neme’s headdress and false beard; Both Menkaure and wife lack contrapposto; It looks as if his wife and presenting and protecting(showing her allegiance) Menkaure; Theme: Funerary; Comparisons: Ambum Stone, Pyramids of Giza

Temple of Amon-Ra

Luxor, Egypt; Middle/New Kindgom; Sandstone and mudbrick; 1550-1250; Temple Complex; An example of monumental arcitecture(although there are not many well-preserved aspects left); Some pieces may have been ereased by following kinds; One of the first man-made lakes; Contains a hypostyle hall and pilon entrance way; Capitals shaped like lotus flowers; Oriented with cardinal points; Religious; Comparisons: Auidence Hall of Dariush and Xerxes, White Temple and Ziggarut

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

Near Valley of Kings, Egypt; New Kingdom; Senemut(artist); Rock-cut limestone; Hatshepsut(patron); 1473-1458 BCE; Honorary/Funerary; Hatshepsut was not buried here, the space was to honor her and her passing(though it was in use when she was alive); When alive, all of her images were of a man(to create a sense of equality); Colonnade of chamfered columns were part of the original rock to begin with; Colums mimic light and dark(associates it with the mountains behind it, which associates her with power; Temple is in good shape; Many low-relief carvings; Hatshepsut is the first evere recorded female monarch; Themes: Funerary, honorary; Comparisons: White Temple and Ziggurat, Great Pyramids of Giza

Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and Three Daughters

Akhenaton’s Temple, Egypt; Amarna Period(New Kingdom); Limestone; Akhenaton(Patron); 1353-1335 BCE; Royal family portrait; Sun disk on top, raying down small ankhs(mandate of heaven); Unique as it’s very casual + one of the few portraits; One daughter is on Neferiti’s lap, th e other on her shoulder, and one is kissing Akhenaton; Domestic scene; Akhenaton changed: religion to monotheistic(Atne), the capital, and images to be more fluid and androgynous; Many of Akhenaton’s pieces are gone; Themes: Honorary, portraiture; Comaprisons: Law Code Stele of Hammurabi

Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer

Egypt; Painted papyrus; 1290-1280 BCE; Shows whether Hu-Nefer would be allowed into the afterlife(or not); There are many gods, all holding an Ankh(meaning the outcome should be favorable); Hu-Nefer is being lead to the afterlife by Anubis; Hu-Nefer’s heart is being measured in comparison to the feather of Maat(recorded by Thoth); Hu-Nefer is being leed to Osiris, who is wearing the crown of upper Egypt and is holding the crook and flail(Horus is above him); Themes: Honorary, funerary; Comparisons: Seated Scribe, Standard of Ur

Athenian Agora

Athens, Greece; Marble; 600-150 BCE; Originally a burial ground, then turned into market space, then governmental parts are added; Contains: bouleuterion, tholos, and stoa(used for smaller-scale civic/governmental purposes); Theme: Religious, governmental; Comparisons: White Temple and Ziggurat

Anavysos Kouros

Cemetery in Anavysos, Greece; Archiac; Painted marble; Family of Kroisos(patron); 530 BCE; Headstone; Indicates that Krosis was a military leader, and was killed by Ares(he was just that strong); Has realism, and early versions of contrapasso; Not a portrait of Kroisos -- just an idealized, youthful man; Themes: Funerary, honorary

Peplos Kore

Buried on the Acropolis, Greece; Archiac; Painted Marble; 530 BCE; Votive offering(potentially representing Athena/Artemis); Holes found in her head, potentially for a crown; Archiac signs: smile, braids, stiffness; Every year, a peplos would be created for a statue of Athena; Theme: Religious; Comparisons: Statues of Votive Figures

Niobides Krater

Orvieto, Italy; Classical; Biovid Painter(artist); Painted terracotta, 460-450 BCE; Made to mix water and wine; This is specifically a calyx; Two sides: violence(Artemis and Apollo killing Niobid’s children for insulting Leto) and peace(heroes approaching hercules(potentially statue) in an honorary way, horeos may be going to the Battle of Marathon(Persians v. Athenians)); Artist is showing depth as the figures are in different planes, rather than on ground lines; Naturalistic posing; Theme: Storytelling; Comparisons: Standard of Ur, Bushel with Ibex Motifs, Palette of Narmer

Doryphoros

Pompeii, Italy; Classical Greece; Polykleitos(artist); Marble copy of a bronze original; 450-440 BCE; An idealized portrait of a man; Tree trunk + connection between hand and thigh are added for stability; Best example of contrapposto; Good example of prioities in Ancient Greece, athletes could look to this as inspiration; Theme: Inspirational, cultural idealism; Comparisons: Seated Scribe(contrast), Anavysos Kouros, Anthropomorphic Stele

Grave Stele of Hegeso

Graveyard in Athens, Greece; Classical Greece; Kallimachos(artist); Painted Marble; Hegeso(patron); 410 BCE; Commemorational; Hegeso is seated, with a handmaiden next to her; The handmaidenhas given her a jewlery box, and Hegeso is looking at a (painted on) piece of jewlery; An inscription on top is in Ancient Greece; This is trying to give the impression of great wealth; Clothing in this looks wet because artists wanted to show off their antomy skills; Theme: Honorary; Comparisons: Law Code Stele of Hammurabi, Anthropomorphic Stele

Winged Nike of Samothrace

Ancient Greece; Hellensitic; Marble; 190 BCE; Representation of the victory of a naval battle; Nike is standing on a boat, the rippled clothing indicated that wind is blowing at her; Themes: victory, religion; Comparisons: Temple of Athena Nike, Standard of Ur, palette of Narmer, Anthropomorphic Stele

Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon

Turkey(moved to Berlin, Germany); Hellenistic; Marble; 175 BCE; An altar to Zeus and Athena; Ionic Temple; Two sides depicting gigantomachy: Zeus(left, eagle represents him); Athena(right, circular arrangment, distraught Gaia is helping Alkyoneos(who is being dragged to Athena’s altar by the hair); Very high relief; Theme: Religious; Comparisons: Parthenon, Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer

Seated Boxer

Rome; Hellenistic; Bronze with inlaid copper; 100 BCE; Portrait of a defeated boxer, post-fight; Blood everywhere, cuts and bruises are shown; His ear has keloids; His face is looking upwards at his opponent, distraught; This may have been a part of a series of sculptures(many of them were melted down for ammunition); Theme: Defeat; Comparisons: Seated Scribe, Menkaure and Wife(contrast)

Alexander Mosaic

House of Faun; Hellenistic; Roman Mosiac Copy; 310 BCE; Mosiac depicting the Battle of Isis; Dariush III v. Alexaner the Great(Greece won); Pivotal moment in the battle(when the Perisan army realizes they need to retreat); Utilizes foreshortening; Theme: War/Victory; Comparisons: Standard of Ur, Temple of Athena Nike, Seated Boxer(contrast)

Parthenon

Greece; Classical; Iktinos and Kallikrates(arcitects), Phidias(artistic director); Dedicated to Athena; Doric Temple

Temple of Athena Nike

Athens, Greece; Marble; Kallikrates(artist); Built to commemorate Greece’s victory over the Persians in the Battle of Marathon; Has many images of victory throughout the Temple

Nike Adjusting Her Standal

From the Temple of Athena Nike; Marble; 410 BCE; Very graceful; Wet clothing to show her anatomy;

Sarcophagus of the Spouses

Cerveteri, Italy; Etruscan Art; Painted Terracotta; The spouses(patron); 520 BCE; Coffin; A symbiotic relationship; Details are shown on the couch; Hollow(the bodies go inside); More natural movement to the braids, but still stylized; The scene is a bit too formal for a casual moment; Theme; Funerary; Comparisons: King Tut’s Tomb and Inner Coffin(more over the top); Menkaure and Wife(not symbiotic)

Temple of Minerva and Sculpture of Apulu

Italy; Etruscan; Virtuvius; Wood, mudbrick, and tufa; 6th C; Temple to Athena, Hera, and Zeus; Temples are less symmetrical; Larger port access areas; Three interior cellas(one for each god); Front is dedicated to Hercle: Hercle is trying to steal a golden deer from Artemis, with Apulu trying to defend her; A lot of linework is used on Apulu’s sculpture; 2D illustrative techniques used; Theme: Religious worship; Comparisons: Temple of Athena Nike, Parthenon

Tomb of the Triclinium

Taquina, Italy; Etruscan; Rock-cut tufa and fresco; Deceased(patron); 470 BCE; Tomb; Entirely subterranean; Frescos are all over the walls; Imagery celebrating the deceased man; Ceilings have a checkered pattern; Upon death, Etrsucans would have a feast/party in the deceased’s honor; Themes: Honorary, mortuary; Comparisons: Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Last Judgment of Hu-Nefer, King Tut, etc.

King Tut’s Tomb and Inner Coffin

Valley of the Kings, Egypt; New Kingdom/Post Amarna; Gold with inlay enamel and semi-precious stones; Tut(patron); 1323 BCE; This is one of few unotouched tumbs; Tut ruled from ages 9-18, and reverted everything back to normal after his father’s rule; Found by Howard Carter in 1922; Many people who touched his grave died within a couple years; Theme: Funerary

Head of a Roman Patrician

Orticoli, Italy; Republic; Marble; Subject(patron); 75-50 BCE; Portrait of a roman patrician; Gives the impression that the subject is smart, even if their lineage doesn’t reflect it(in Rome, power stems from lineage); Details are enhanced to further this point; Portrait; Comparisons: Seated Scribe, King Tut(contrast)

Augustus Primipara

Villa of Livia, Primipara; Early Empire; Painted Marble; Augustus(patron); 20 CE; Propaganda portrait of Augustus; Cupid is next to him, riding on a dolphin(referencing when Augustus defeated Marc Anthony and Cleopatra in a naval battle); A lot of details shown on his clothing; Hand is reaching up to address the people; A scene on his caress shows the strength of the Roman army; Augustus is known for ushering in the Pax-Romana era, and claimed to be descended from Venus/Apollo(at different times); Portraiture; Comparisons: Standard of Ur

Colosseum

Rome, Italy; Early Empire; Concrete and travertine; Flavian Family supported the project, and Titus/Vespasian commissioned the piece(V died before this was finished, Titus took over); 70-80 CE; Entertainment center/stadium; With the concrete, this was made entirely off of level ground(they are typically made on sloped ground); Seating depends on the ticket bought(levels have different columns: they go from strongest to weakest); Many different events occured: gladiator fights, animal battles, and mock naval battles(flooded bottom floor); The basement would be covered in sand in order to absorb the blood; First example of man-made materials; Land was stolen from the Roman people by Nero(so this was Vespasian’s way of giving back, without worrying about property issues); Retractable roof :); Theme: Entertainment; Comparisons: Seated Boxer, Doryphoros

House of Vetti

Pompeii; Early Empire; Fresco and stone; Two freed slaves(patron); 79 CE; Domus; A lot of focus on artistry; Atrium at the entrance, with an open skylight on top, and an impluvium at the bottom to catch water; Past the atrium, we have a peristyle garden, an a triclinium room for eating; Frescos on the walls give an art-gallery effect; Theme: Daily Life; Comparisons: Temple of Amon-Ra

Forum of Trajan

Rome; High Empire; Apollodorus of Demascus(artist); Brick and stone; Trajan(patron); 112 CE; Civic, religious, and mercantile uses; Forum: two stories so you can see the entire column of Trajan, similar to a stoa, originally had an equestrian statue in the center, dubbed the basilica ulpia, had exedras; Column: designed to be a continous narrarive, depicts a war between the Romans and Dacians, low-middle relief; Market: double-decked shops, open balcony that looks onto the main space(due to barrel vault); Theme: Public Spaces; Comparisons: Athenian Agora, White Temple and Ziggurat, Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer

Pantheon

Rome; High Empire; Colored marble, bronze, and concrete; Trajan/Hadrian(patron); 125 CE; Originally meant to be a temple to all gods; Rectangular front porch artached to a large drum-like structure; Dedication states it is in honor of Marcus Agrippa; Main worship space gives the feeling of being transported(and has an oculus!); Coffers used to have bronze rosettes placed inside(not here anymore, likely used for weapons); Theme: Religion; Comparisons: Coloesseum

Ludovici Battle Sarcophagus

Rome; late Empire; Marble; 250-260 CE; Sarcophagus; Depicts a battle between the Romans and Goths; Romans were defeated because they were spread too thin; Emphasizes the different between Romans and non-Romans(specifically Roman’s skill); Very high-relief, very chaotic; Rome was starting to fall at this time; Theme: Funerary; Comparisons: King Tut’s Tomb and Coffin, Sarcophagus of the Spouses(contrast)

Buttress

A structure built against a wall to add support

Tripartite plan

Two rows of rooms, and one hallway

Cella

Waiting room to interact with a god

Gypsum

A hard to carve(but pretty) rock

Votive

An offering to a god in hopes of gaining favor

Eshunna

Sumerian war diety

Standard

Used in battle to represent a side, often exchanged when one side loses

Cuneiform

An ancient babylonian langauge

Apadana

Auidence Hall

Capital

Top of a column

Hypostyle Hall

A space so large that extra columns are needed to support the ceiling

Ground line

A line drawn to signifty the surface of a ground

Naturalism

Qualities of life that make a figure look more real

Gilt capstone

The highest stone covered in gold

Contrapposto

The balance of the hip and shoulders hwne they shift and move with the arms and legs

Pilon entrance way

An entry made from a big rock

Temple complex

Interconnected temples

Clerestory

wWhen the ceiling is slightly raised in some places in order to let light filtere in

Peristyle garden

A garden within the center of a building with an open space in the middle, with covered walkways at the edges

Colonnade

Rows of columns

Chamfered

Columns squared off on all four sides

Aten

The sun disk; sole diety in Akhenaton’s new religion

Ankh

Egyptian symbol of eternal life

Retinue

A lineup/groip of similar types of people

Anubis

Egyptian god of the afterlife

Maat

Egyptian goddess of truth

Ammit

A combo of a crocodile(head), lion(torso and mane), and hipo(legs)

Thoth

Egyptian god of knowledge

Acropolis

A city constructed on raised ground

Carrara

A common form of marble, has the least distinctive veins(good for carving statues)

Panathenaic Way

The roadway that leads to the acropolis

Bouleuterion

A chamber used by a council of citizens(primiarily utilized to make speeches)

Tholos

A round, temple-like structure manned by a group of senators 24 hours a day for emergency meetings

Stoa

A covered walkway with columns on one side and a wall on the other

Kouros

A youthful man

Peplos

A skirt/shawl

Kore

The female equivalent of Kouros

Amphora

A krater with two handles on top

Calyx

A krater with two handles on the bottom

Meander

Continous design on a piece of pottery

Frieze

A decorative horizontal pannel/band

Foreshortening

Takung certain elements of a figure so that a 2D image looks 3D

Apulu

Apollo

Tufa

Volcanic rock

Hercle

Hercules

Tuscan columns

Extremely simple columns

Patrician

An aristrocrat/noble man

Verism

Hyper-realism to the point of absurdity

Virtus

Virtue

Gravitas

Seriousness of the mind

Pax-Romana

Peaceful Rome

Caress

Torso armour

Velarium

Retractable canvas roof

Domus

Ancient Roman House

Atrium

Used to bring nature into the home

Impluvium

An interiro water feature that is connect to the elements

Cubicula

Room

Triclinium

Formal dining room

Exerda

Semi-circle extensions