ANAPHY - 1M (Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology)

Anatomy

investigates the body’s structure and the relationship between the body part and its function

Developmental anatomy

studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood

Embryology

subspecialty of developmental anatomy that, considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development

Cytology

examines structural features of cells

Histology

examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them

Histology

also known as Microscopic Anatomy

Gross anatomy

study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope

• Systemic Anatomy

• Regional Anatomy

2 Ways to Study Anatomy:

Systemic anatomy

studied system by system, i.e., cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, etc.

Systemic anatomy

“by organ systems”

Regional anatomy

studied area by area, within each region such as head, abdomen, or arm

Regional anatomy

“by areas”

Anatomical Anomalies

physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern

Anatomical Anomalies

can vary in severity from relatively harmless to lifethreatening

Anatomical Anomalies

use x-rays to see inside the body back in 1895

Physiology

scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

Physiology

often examines systems rather than regions because a particular function can involve portions of a system in more than one region

Cellular physiology

examines processes occurring in cells

Systemic physiology

deals with organ system function

Neurophysiology

focuses on the nervous system

Cardiovascular physiology

deals with heart and blood vessels

Pathology

deals with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease

Exercise physiology

focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise

• Chemical

• Cell

• Tissue

• Organ

• Organ System

• Organism

Six Levels of Organization

Chemical

involves interactions between atoms that combine to form molecules, such as water, sugar, fats, and proteins

Cell

molecules combine to form organelles, small structures that make up cells

Tissue

composed of a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them which determine the function of the tissue

Organ

composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more functions. examples are heart, stomach, and lungs

Organ system

group of organs that perform a common function and are viewed as a unit

Organism

any living thing considered as a whole; it is a complex organ of organ systems, all mutually dependent on one another

• Integumentary System

• Skeletal System

• Muscular System

• Respiratory System

• Lymphatic System

• Digestive System

• Nervous System

• Endocrine System

• Cardiovascular System

• Urinary System

• Female Reproductive System

• Male Reproductive System

12 Major Organ System

Integumentary System

• provides protection

• regulates temperature

• prevents water loss

• helps produce vitamin D

• consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

Skeletal System

• provides protection and support

• produces blood cells

• regulates temperature

• stores minerals and fat

• consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints

Muscular System

• produces body movements

• maintains posture

• regulates temperature

• produces body heat

• consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons

Respiratory System

• exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air and regulates blood pH

• consists of the lungs and respiratory passages

Lymphatic System

• removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph

• combats disease

• maintains tissue fluid balance

• absorbs fat from the digestive

Digestive System

• performs chemical and mechanical digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste

• consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and other accessory organs

Nervous System

• major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions

• consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

Endocrine System

• major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions

• consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secretes hormones

Cardiovascular System

• transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body

• plays a role in immune response and regulation of body temperature

Urinary System

• removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance

• consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine

Female Reproductive System

• products oocytes

• site of fertilization and fetal development

• produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors

Male Reproductive System

• produces and transfers sperm cells to female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behavior

• consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis

• Organization

• Metabolism

• Responsiveness

• Growth

• Development

• Reproduction

Characteristics of Life:

Organization

refers to the interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions

Metabolism

refers to all the chemical reactions taking place in an organism

Responsiveness

an organism’s ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and how it adjusts to those changes

Growth

an increase in the number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism

Development

includes the changes an organism undergoes through time from fertilization to death

Differentiation

change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized

Morphogenesis

change in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism

Reproduction

formation of new cells or new organisms

Homeostasis

refers to the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

Negative Feedback

the response to the original stimulus results in deviation from the set point, therefore becoming smaller

• maintaining room temperature

• regulation of body temperature

Negative Feedback Example:

Positive Feedback

mechanism that occurs when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point, therefore becoming even greater

• blood clotting

• childbirth

Positive Feedback Example:

Negative Feedback

the response stops the effector

Positive Feedback

the response keeps the reaction going

Anatomical Position

refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward

Supine

lying face upward

Prone

lying face downward

• Right-Upper Quadrant

• Left-Upper Quadrant

• Right-Lower Quadrant

• Left-Lower Quadrant

4 Quadrants of the Body:

• Epigastric

• Right and Left Hypochondriac

• Umbilical

• Right and Left Lumbar

• Hypogastric

• Right and Left Iliac

9 Regions of the Body:

Sagittal plane

runs vertically through the body, separating it into right and left portions

Median plane

sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into left and right halves

Transverse plane

runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions

Frontal plane

runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Longitudinal section

a cut through the long axis of the organ

Transverse section

a cut at right angles to the long axis

Oblique section

a cut made across the long axis at other than a right angle

• Thoracic cavity

• Abdominal cavity

• Pelvic cavity

  • Abdominopelvic cavity

Body Cavities:

Thoracic cavity

o surrounded by the rib cage while the muscular diaphragm separates it from the abdominal cavity

o contains the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the esophagus, and other structures such as blood vessels and nerves

Mediastinum

median partition of the right and left thoracic cavity

Abdominal cavity

o enclosed by the abdominal muscles

o contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and the kidneys

Pelvic cavity

o encased by the pelvic bones

o houses the urinary bladder and the internal reproductive system

Abdominopelvic cavity

o refers to the abdominal and pelvic cavities that are not physically separated

Directional terms

anatomical terminologies that describe the parts of the body relative to each other

Supine

lying face upward

Prone

lying face downward

Right

toward the right side of the body

Left

toward the left side of the body

Superior

a structure above another

Interior

a structure below another

Cephalic

closer to the head than another structure (usually synonymous with superior)

Caudal

closer to the tail than another structure (usually synonymous with inferior)

Anterior

the front of the body

Posterior

the back of the body

Ventral

toward the belly (synonymous with anterior)

Dorsal

toward the back (synonymous with posterior)

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure

Distal

farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

Medial

toward the midline of the body

Superficial

toward or on the surface

Deep

away from the surface, internal

Serous Membranes

line the trunk cavities and cover the organs within them

Visceral serous membrane

covers the organ

Parietal serous membrane

represents an outer wall

Cavity

space between the visceral and parietal that is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by the membranes