Exam 2 Material: Genomics, Life Course Theory, HIV,

What is a genotype?

The molecular structure of one’s DNA

What is a phenotype?

The observable characteristics of a person (the presentation of DNA)

What is epigenetics?

Referred to as “non-genetic inheritance” because the DNA sequence of the gene does not change, the expression is changed by switching genes on and off

What is exposomics?

The compilation of environmental influences across the lifespan

What are the 3 domains of exposomics?

General external, specific external, and internal environment

What is the exposomic domain: general external?

Environment to include factors such as the urban environment, climate factors, social capital, systemic racism

What is the exposomic domain: specific external?

Environment with specific contaminants, diet, physical activity, tobacco, infections, etc.

What is the exposomic domain: internal environment?

Includes internal biological factors such as metabolism, gut microflora, inflammation, stress, etc.

What does GINA stand for?

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act

What can GINA do?

Protects against the use of genetic information to discriminate in health insurance and employment

What can GINA not do?

Does not protect information about current health status or disease if it has already manifested and is diagnosed. Does not apply to life, disability, or long-term care insurance. Does not apply to Tricare

What is the role of gathering family history?

Helps researchers and healthcare providers look at risk of disease and help prophylactically treat if possible

What is intergenerational transmission?

Female infants are born with all the eggs they will ever carry which means that gametes are also directly exposed to their intrauterine conditions

What is Life Course Theory?

A theory that attempts to explain how genetic, biological, physical, and social contexts shape health, behavior, and development

What is the importance of the Dutch Hunger Winter?

It demonstrated how events that happen during pregnancy and in the first months of life can contribute to the health outcomes of a person later in life. It supports the Life Course Theory because the body prioritizes survival over long-term health

What is the HIV Care Continuum in order?

Diagnosed with HIV, Linked to Care, Engaged or retained in care, prescribed antiretroviral therapy, achieved viral suppression

What are ways that you can contract HIV?

Transmitted through blood (needle sharing, accidental needle stick, bloody fluid to open/cut mucous membrane, transfusions, sexual contact)

What are NOT ways that you can contract HIV?

Air, water, insects, pets, saliva, sweat, tears, closed-mouth kissing, sharing toilets, food or drinks

What are challenges with getting and retaining people in HIV care?

Many do not want to seek treatment due to stigma or fear of judgement, also requires medication compliance for life which can be challenging financially and mentally

What is Acute HIV (retroviral) syndrome?

2-4 weeks post exposure, self-limited; s/s act like the worst flu ever

What is antiretroviral therapy?

Given to patients diagnosed with HIV to reduce mortality and transmission of the disease

What is the goal of antiretroviral therapy?

Undetectable = Untransmittable

What is the timeframe of infection to long-term HIV and why is it significant?

There is a gap of when someone may have contracted HIV and when they become symptomatic which allows for the HIV to be spread unknowingly to others

What is PrEP?

Pre-exposure prophylaxis: for people who don’t have HIV and are at risk for contracting HIV

What is PEP?

Post-exposure prophylaxis: for people who don’t have HIV but may have been exposed