A+P Final Test Exam One Review

What is negative feedback

puting the body back into homeostasis

reverses deviation from a set point

what is positive feedback

applifies a response until a goal is reached

What is transport maximum

the lowest transport maximum is when sodium is pumped against the concentration gradient

Examples of Endocytosis

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

Melanosome uptake

What do mucous membranes not have

keratin

what do serous membranes do

they line body cavities

what do cutaneous membranes lack

blood vessels

what are some characteristics of epithelial membranes

they are tightly packed, apical +basal, rests on the lamina propria

What do tight junctions do

prevent movement between cells

what do desmosomes do

lateral adhesion, resist mechanical stress

what do hemidesmosomes do

anchor cells to basement membrane

what do gap junctions do

they communicate information around

cells in epidermis

kerartinocytes

melanocytes

dencdric

what does uv exposure prevent

osteomalacia/porosis

What is neoplasia

abnormal skin growths

What is jaudice

bilirubin buildup (yellow)

What is cyanosis

low oxygen

What is pallor

low blood flow

What does all cartilage have

lacunae

type 2 collagen

avascular

what does fibrocartilage contain

type 1 and type 2 collagen

found in intervertebral discs, menisci

what is reticular tissue

contains type 3 collagen

what is areolar tissue found in

body cavity membranes

dermis

organ tracts

osteoblasts

build bone, deposit osteoid

osteocytes

mature bone cells, trapped in lacunae

osteoclasts

reabsorb bone, many lysosomes

what is calcitonin

starts from thyroid

inhibits osteoclasts

lowers blood ca2+

what is calcitriol

increases intestinal ca2+ absorption

stimulated by hypocalcemia

What is intramembranous ossification

forms jaw, and skull

forms diploe with compact bone layers

What is endochondral ossification

replaces cartilage with bone

for long bone elongation

What is appositional growth

bone grows wider

What is an epiphyseal growth

hyaline cartilage

growth → becomes epiphyseal line in adults

What is articular cartilage

for adults only cartilage left on long bone epiphysis

What is osteoporosis

Due to low estrogen

Excess osteoclast activity

Hip factures common

What is osteomalacia

Vitamin D deficiency

soft bones

rickets in children

What is osteomyelitis

infection and inflammation of bone/marrow

what is osteosarcoma

bone-forming cell tumor

What is lordosis

anterior lumbar curve

What is kyphosis

exaggerated thoratic curve

what is scoliosis

lateral curvature

What is wolff’s law

physical stress strengthens bone → reduces fracture risk

What is neoplasia

cell development of a tumor

what kind of epithelium is in the epidermis

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

what kind of epithelium is in the dermis

broad connective tissue later

what kind of epithelium is in the hypodermis

adipose connective tissue