Exam 2 Practice Questions (Everything Combined)

What is a group of structurally and functionally related cells and their external environment that together perform common functions called?

tissue

what two basic components do all tissues have?

cells that are similar in structure and function, extracellular matrix

how are tissue types distinguished?

number and kind of cells it contains, function

what are the four primary tissue types?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous 

what do epithelial tissues do?

cover and line all body surfaces and cavities

what do specialized epithelial cells form?

glands

what are glands?

groups of cells that manufacture and secrete a product

what type of products to glands secrete and manufacture?

sweat, saliva, hormones

what do connective tissues do?

bind, support, protect, and allow substance transport throughout body

what is the prominent feature in most connective tissues?

extracellular matrix 

what are muscle tissues composed of?

cells that can contract and generate force with little ECM between the cells

what are the two main components of the extracellular matrix?

ground substance, protein fibers

what are the three types of protein fibers found within the extracellular matrix?

collagen, elastic, reticular

what are collagen fibers important for?

resisting tension and pressure

what do elastic fibers allow for?

stretching and recoil

what is the function of reticular fibers?

support the cells and ground substance of many tissues 

what are the three important types of cell junctions?

tight, gap, desmosomes

what do tight junctions do?

help make spaces between cells impermeable

what do desmosomes do?

increase resistance of the tissue to mechanical stress

what do gap junctions do?

allow small substances to move from one cell to another

what type of junction is this?

tight junction

what type of junction is this?

desmosome 

what type of junction is this?

gap junction

what are the five functions of epithelial tissues?

protection, immune defense, secretion, transport, sensation

how do epithelial tissues function as protection?

they provide a continuous surface that shields underlying tissues

how do epithelial tissues function in immune defense?

they provide a barrier against invading microorganisms

how do epithelial tissues function in secretion?

they form glands that produce substances like oil or hormones

how do epithelial tissues function in transport?

certain substances can cross them to enter other tissues

how does epithelial tissue function in sensation?

they are supplied with nerves that detect changes in environment

what is the “free edge” of an epithelial cell or tissue called?

apical surface

what is the edge attached to deeper cells of epithelial tissue called?

basal surface

what are the two ways to classify epithelia?

number of cell layers, shape of cells 

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

diffusion, produce serous fluid

where is simple squamous epithelium found?

lungs, serous membranes, kidney tubules, blood vessels

what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

absorption and secretion 

where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

kidney tubules, lower respiratory passages, some glands

what is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

absorption, secretion of mucus and other substances 

where is simple columnar epithelium found?

digestive tract, uterine tube, gallbladder, kidney tubules

what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

secrete mucus and propel it

where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

nasal cavity, male urethra, upper respiratory passages

what is the function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

protection, prevention of water loss

where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

epidermis of skin

what is the function of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

protect from mechanical stress and microorganisms

where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

mouth, esophagus, vagina, anal canal

what is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

some absorption and secretion

where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

ducts of sweat glands

what is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

protection, secretion, absorption

where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

ducts of some glands, male urethra

what is the function of transitional epithelium?

protection, allow for stretching

where is transitional epithelium found?

urinary bladder, ureter, urethra

what are the two types of glands?

exocrine, endocrine

how do exocrine glands secrete their products?

through a duct lined with epithelial tissues

where do exocrine glands secrete their products to?

exterior of the body/apical surface of the epithelium

how are endocrine glands different than exocrine glands?

they lack ducts and secrete their products directly into the blood

what epithelium is this?

simple squamous epithelium

what type of epithelium is this?

simple cuboidal epithelium

what type of epithelium is this?

simple columnar epithelium

what type of epithelium is this?

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

what type of epithelium is this?

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

what type of epithelium is this?

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium 

what type of epithelium is this?

stratified cuboidal epithelium

what type of epithelium is this?

stratified columnar epithelium

what type of epithelium is this?

transitional epithelium

what is the simplest type of exocrine gland?

unicellular glands

what is the most common unicellular gland in the body?

goblet cell

where are goblet cells found?

digestive and respiratory tracts 

what is the function of goblet cells?

secrete mucus that protects underlying epithelium

what are most exocrine glands?

multicellular glands

what are multicellular glands made of?

clusters of secretory cells arranged in different ways

what are the three types of exocrine secretion?

merocrine, holocrine, apocrine

what happens in merocrine secretion?

products are packaged into secretory vesicles for release by exocytosis

what happens in holocrine secretion?

secretory cells accumulate their product and release when the cell ruptures and dies

what happens in apocrine secretion?

portions of the cytoplasm are pinched off with the product being secreted

what type of secretion is this?

merocrine secretion

what type of secretion is this?

holocrine secretion

what are the functions of connective tissues?

connecting and binding, support, protection, transport

what are the two basic classes of connective tissue?

connective tissue proper, specialized connective tissue

what are the cells of connective tissue proper?

fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, phagocytes, other immune cells 

what is the function of fibroblasts?

produce protein fibers, ground substance, other elements of the ECM

what is the function of phagoyctes?

ingest foreign substances, microorganisms, and dead/damaged cells

what type of connective tissue cell is seen in this picture?

fibroblasts

what type of connective tissue cell is seen in this picture?

adipocyte

what type of connective tissue cell is seen in this picture?

mast cell

what type of connective tissue cell is seen in this image?

phagocyte (macrophage)

what are the types of connective tissue proper?

loose areolar, dense, reticular, adipose

what is loose areolar connective tissue composed of?

ground substance, all three protein fibers, fibroblasts

where is loose areolar connective tissue found?

papillary dermis

what type of connective tissue is this?

loose areolar connective tissue

what is dense connective tissue primarily composed of?

protein fibers

what are the types of dense connective tissue?

dense irregular, dense regular

what type of connective tissue is this?

dense irregular connective tissue

what type of connective tissue is this?

dense regular connective tissue

what type of connective tissue is this?

elastic tissue

what is dense irregular connective tissue composed of?

collagen fibers

where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

dermis, around organs and joints

what is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

resist tension in all directions

how is the structure of dense regular connective tissue different from dense irregular?

collagen fibers are arranged parallel to one another

what is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

resist tension in one direction

where is dense regular connective tissue found?

tendons, ligaments

what is the structure of elastic connective tissue?

parallel elastic fibers with randomly oriented collagen fibers