BSC2086 Metabolism

where does carbohydrate digestion begin?

mouth

where does protein digestion begin?

stomach

what are lipids composed of?

fatty acids and glycerol

where does lipid metabolism begin?

small intestine

what is catabolism?

breaking down molecules

what is anabolism?

building up molecules

is ATP generation catabolic or anabolic?

catabolic

is ATP usage catabolic or anabolic?

anabolic

What is phosphorylation?

the process of making ATP

what are the three types of phosphorylation?

substrate level, oxidative, photophosphorylation

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation?

energy from redox reactions is used to make ATP

what are redox reactions?

the transfer of electrons between molecules

what happens when a molecule gains electrons?

it is reduced

what happens when a molecule loses electrons?

it is oxidized

what is the oxidized form of NADH/NAD+?

NAD+

what is the reduced form of NADH/NAD+?

NADH

what are the three sources of lipids in the body?

Dietary, adipose tissue, and synthesized by the liver

What is lipogenesis?

synthesizing fats from other molecules

when does lipogenesis occur?

when cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

what is lipolysis?

breakdown of fats for energy

where does glycerol go after being broken down from triglycerides?

it enters glycolysis

what happens to fatty acids during lipolysis?

undergoes beta oxidation

what happens if the krebs cycle cannot process all of the Acetyl-CoA?

ketogenesis occurs, forming ketone bodies

what are three sources of amino acids?

diet, dead epithelial cells, enzymes

what is deamination?

removal of an amino group

what remains after deamination?

keto acid

what can ketoacids be converted into?

pyruvic acid, Acetyl-CoA

What is gluconeogenesis?

making glucose from non carbs

what is transamination?

the transfer of an amino group

what can result from transamination?

ammonia

what process removed toxic ammonia from the body?

the urea cycle

where does the urea cycle occur?

liver

what is the main function of vitamin E?

antioxidant

what is the function of vitamin k?

blood clotting

what happens during oxidation?

loss of electrons

what happens during reduction?

gain of electrons

what hormone stimulates glycogenesis?

insulin

what is glycogenesis?

glucose - glycogen (storage)

what is glycogenolysis?

glycogen-glucose (release)

what metabolic state is glycogenesis?

fed state

what metabolic state is glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

fasted state

what happens in an absorptive state?

nutrients are stored (anabolism)

what happens during the post-absorptive state?

stored nutrients are broken down (catabolism)