Phonological Rules Practice and -ed and -s Endings

flap

manner of consonant articulation similar to a stop, but with no air pressure build-up and no air release [ɾ] stressed or unstressed vowel first, stressed vowel after

better vs. filter

example of flap

Assimilation

process of making one sound more like a neighboring one with respect to some feature

vowel nasalization

lower velum so air passes through nasal cavity for the vowel before the nasal sound - n, m, ŋ

man

example of a vowel nasalization

alveolar nasal assimilation

assimilate the place of articulation of the nasal to the follow labial consonant

sandwich - samwich

example of alveolar nasal assimilation

nasal assimilation

when a sound becomes nasal due to another nasal sound in the word and changes to the place of articulation of the following consonant

can go

example of nasal assimilation

palatalization

interaction between front vowels or glide and a neighboring alveolar consonant, resulting in a fricative or affricate palatal consonant

mature - machure

example of palatalization

voicing assimilation

voicing of voiceless consonants when they appear between vowels

have to - haf to

example of voicing assimilation

dissimilation

process by which two nearby sounds become less alike with respect to some feature

dissimilation of liquids and nasal sounds

when a liquid or nasal consonant changes to totally different sound

marmor - marble

example of dissimilation of liquids and nasal sounds

Dissimilation of Fricative Sounds

removal of fricative sounds to make pronunciation easier, transitioning to the place of articulation as the proceeding sound

months - monts

example of dissimilation of fricative sounds

insertion of consonants

consonant with the same place of articulation as the next consonant, inserts a sound to make pronunciation of the vowel easier

Insertion of Voiceless Stop

insertion of a voiceless stop between a nasal and a voiceless fricative with the same place of articulation as the nasal

hamster - hampster

example of insertion of voiceless stop

thuner - thunder

example of insertion of consonants

insertion of /y/

/y/ inserted after initial alveolar consonants and preceding high vowels

news, tuesday

example of insertion of /y/

deletion

process causing a segment present at the phonemic level to be deleted at the phonetic level of a word

deletion of /r/ after vowels

/r/ is deleted after it follows a vowel

car - ca

example of deletion of /r/ after vowels

deletion of fricative next to fricative

deleting of fricative sounds near fricative sounds to make pronunciation easier

fifths - fifs

example of deletion of fricative next to fricative

deletion of like sounds or syllables

repeated consonants r entire syllables containing similar sounds

probably

example of simplification of consonant clusters

simplification of syllable-final consonant clusters

the removal of the last sound in a consonant cluster syllable, makes pronunciation easier

fast pitch

example of simplification of syllable-final consonant cluster

fronting

process causing a segment produced in the back of the mouth to change to a segment produced at the front of the mouth

fronting of velar nasal to alveolar nasal

the velar nasal becomes an alveolar nasal

running - runnin

example of fronting of velar nasal to alveolar nasal

Fronting in Child Language

fronting of velar sounds

got - dot

examples of fronting child language

fronting of /x/

velar fricative /x/ becomes labiodental fricative /f/

exchanging /s/ and a consonant

exchange often of /s/ and /k/

ask - aks

example of exchanging /s/ and /k/

exchanging /r/ and a vowel

/r/ and neighboring vowel swapped

pretty - perty

examples of exchanging /r/ and a vowel

exchanging syllable onsets

the exchange of syllable sounds in a word

animal - aminal

example of exchanging syllable onsets

multiple rule processes

when one or more phonological variation or change is employed

voiceless (p, t, k, f, θ)

when is -s pronounced as /s/ ?

voiced (/v/, /d/, /g/, /b/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /r/, /ð/, /ŋ/ vowels)

when is -s pronounced as /z/ ?

/s/, /z/, /š/, /č/, /ǰ/, /ž/

when is -s pronounced as /əz/?

voiceless (/s/, /f/, /k/, /p/, /š/, /č/, /θ/)

when is -ed pronounced /t/?

voiced (/z/, /v/, /g/, /b/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /r/, /ð/, /ŋ/, /ǰ/, /ž/, vowels)

when is -ed pronounced /d/?

/d/, /t/

when is -ed pronounced /əd/?

rime

A Vowel and any following consonants of a syllable

nucleus

the vowel

coda

one or more consonants after the nucleus

onset

one or more consonants preceding the nucleus