AP World Midterm 2022-2023

AP World- Ways of the World

Abolitionist

A person who wanted to end slavery

Agricultural Revolution

The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between around 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

Agriculture

the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.

Angkor Wat

A temple complex built in the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu. shows How a religion may influence another through trade or travel

Anghor Thom

Angkor Thom, alternatively Nokor Thom located in present-day Cambodia, was the last and most enduring capital city of the Khmer Empire. It was established in the late twelfth century by King Jayavarman VII. He built it because he understood, like Khmer rulers before him, that the capital would serve as the political and religious center of his kingdom.

Aztec

a member of the American Indian people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest of the 16th century.

British East India Company

The beginning of mercantilism. governments who set up companies to run their trading empire. worked independently- got exclusive rights to trade, if they needed help the govt. would help them. almost like a department of a government.

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies, and later with East Asia. (trading body for English merchants)

Bubonic Plague

disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.

Buddhism

the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

Bushido

the code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai.
"the way of the warrior"

Caesaropapism

A political-religious system in which the government ruler is also head of their religion, as in the Byzantine Empire. (eastern orthodox church after The Great Schism)

China

Historians typically consider the following dynasties to have unified China: the Qin dynasty, the Han dynasty, the Xin dynasty, the Jin dynasty, the Sui dynasty, the Tang dynasty, the Song dynasty, the Yuan dynasty, the Ming dynasty, and the Qing dynasty.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Confucius

(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history. created Confucianism- at a basic level, the key element is the idea of mutual respect between different groups (ruler respects peoples, people respect ruler) a two-way street

daoism

respect for nature (the force star wars example; the belief that nature has energy)

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul- it sat right at the entrance to the black sea so the religious people (Eastern orthodox church) had control of the ocean (good for trade)

Daoism

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.

Encomiendas

grant/permission that the king of Spain/Portugal as a prize-- right to land in the new world to have haciendas and run it how they would like

gave them the right to force Native Americans into labor- if they did not agree, the govt. would step in and help.

Feudalism

An economic system of government/ economic way of life where land owners/ landlords and everyone who lived on the land worked for them. Surfs would be the people who worked for them.

Furs

what the French traded with Native Americans-- but also a fur fight between russia and native siberians

Gheghis Khan

Genghis Khan was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of the Mongol steppe and being proclaimed the universal ruler of the Mongols, or Genghis Khan. He promoted people based off of skill-- not family ties or likeability

Haciendas

Large Spanish colonial estates usually owned by wealthy families but worked by many peasants

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms (such as Brahma, the Creator, Vishnu, the Preserver, and Shiva, the Destroyer.)

Holy Roman Empire

A loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. conquered vast amounts of land in Europe and northern Africa, built roads and aqueducts, and spread Latin, their language, far and wide

Inca

a member of South American Native peoples living in the central Andes before the Spanish conquest.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Lords

A person of high rank who owned land but owed loyalty to his king

Mandate of Heaven/ dynastic cycle

someone's in power-natural disasters/revolts uprising-someone comes to save them- new someone in power

Matriarchy

A society ruled or controlled by women

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads (travelers) in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

Monsoon winds

in the Indian Ocean, trade by ship (the biggest trade transportation), was dependant on the winds agreeing with where you wanted to go
south-\>north: summer north-\>south: winter

seasonal wind in India, the winter monsoon brings hot, dry weather and the summer monsoon brings rain

Mughal India

brought Muslim rule to India, Akbar the Great ruled and tolerated non-Muslims
seen as a high point of a northern Indian empire
built the Taj Mahal

Orthodox Christianity

A branch of Christianity developed in the Byzantine Empire, after its split from the Roman Empire. It spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean and Russia.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Paganism

Any of the polytheistic religions of the Greco-Roman world, an umbrella term for ancient Mediterranean religions other than Judaism and Christianity.

Pastoral Society

a society in which food is obtained primarily by raising and taking care of animals

Patriarchy

A form of social organization in which males dominate females

Persia

an empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC.
The greatest empire in the world at the time of the Persian Wars.

Plantations

Huge farms that required a large labor force to grow crops

Roman Catholicism

A branch of Christianity that developed in the western Roman Empire and that recognized the Pope as its supreme head

Russian Expansion

(1460's-1700's) led by muscovites & Tsars, into Central Asia, South to Caspian and Red seas.

Serfs

A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times

Silk Roads

A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.

Silver

Due to the changes in the growing Atlantic economy, by 1581 China was requiring that all land taxes were to be paid for with what form of currency?

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

Song Dynasty

(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.

The Great Dying

Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas.

The Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies-- In the middle of the triangle trade where slaves were traded

Timur

Sometimes known as Tamerlane,
great-grandson of Chengis Khan and the last of the great Mongol rulers- pretty ruthless
attempted to re-establish the Mongol Empire in the late 1300's. His empire included Persia (Iran) and many surrounding lands. He is the great great grandfather of Babur. who later founds the Mughal Empire in India.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Tribute System

A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. Used most places but mostly we learned about China, Mongols, and the Middle East.

Umma

Muslim term to describe the community of Muslims or society on either a small scale like town or village or big terms like Islam itself

Vassal

A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land
owned the land- similar to a lord.

Feudalism, lords, surfs, vassals

these terms go together
way of the medieval towns- almost like a social hierarchy but someones always higher than you