Zoology Test 3 Study

ectodermal placodes

platelike ectodermal thickenings that appear on either side of the neural tube

hox genes

series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo

Myxini

hagfish

- 70 species

- marine

Petromyzontida

lampreys

- anadromous

- vestiges as eyes

chemosensory

respond to external chemicals and molecules released by damaged cells

- barbels around mouth

anadromous

A life cycle in which creatures are hatched in fresh water, migrate to salt water as adults, and then go back to fresh water in order to reproduce

catadromous

fishes that migrate from fresh water to spawn in the ocean

ammocoetes

petromyzontida larva

placodermi

armored fish

acanthodii

spiny sharks

- multiple paired pelvic fins

chondrichthyes

cartilaginous fish

- covered in scales (placoid type)

- lateral line system

osteichthyes

bony fish

tetrapoda

four-limbed vertebrates

lift

an upward force

drag

resistance by friction from air or water moving over a surface

maneuverability

results from drag, drag needed to change direction

If drag is greater than lift, then

it is not efficient because there is a trade-off between speed and maneuverability

Elasmobranchii

sharks, skates, rays

- 1,000 extant species

- ampullae of lorenzini

Holocephali

chimaeras and ratfishes

- 30 extant species

heterocercal

possessing a tail with the upper lobe larger than the lower and with the vertebral column prolonged into the upper lobe

oviparous

egg laying

ovoviviparous

producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body

viviparous

producing living young (not eggs)

Body design of Class Insecta

- head, thorax, abdomen

- have wings as unique structures

general rules for body design

head: sensory organs

thorax: locomotory structures

abdomen: reproductive structures

hemocoel

The primary body cavity of most invertebrates contains circulatory fluid known as hemolymph

- disperses nutrients and hormones

Functional unit of Class Insecta

ommatidium

Sensilla

these tiny hairs give insects their senses of touch, balance, hearing, smell, taste and temperature

What are the 4 major mouthparts?

- mandibles, maxillae, labium, labrum

Ametabolous

no metamorphosis

- Juveniles resemble miniature adults

Hemimetabolous

incomplete metamorphosis, aquatic

- Juveniles look different from adults but have no pupal stage

Paurometabolous

partial metamorphosis, terrestrial

- Juveniles look different from adults but have no pupal stage

Holometabolous

complete metamorphosis

- Juveniles look very different as immatures, have a pupal stage

Class Protura

Proturans

Class Diplura

Diplurans

What does molecular evidence suggest how arthropods evolved

- several different times independently

- from Myriapod-like ancestor

What subgenus in Celoeptera is the fastest?

Rivacindela

Important Coleoptera species that transmit diseases to trees

- elm bark beetle

- Emerald ash borer

How can butterflies be distinguished from moths?

by their antennae

- thread-like/feathery in moths

Order Lepidoptera genetics

male: homogametic sex (ZZ)

female: heterogametic (ZW)

- bilateral gynandromorphs

chrysalis

pupa of a moth or butterfly enclosed in a cocoon

Order Lepidoptera legs

- 3 pairs of thoracic legs

- 5 pairs of abdominal prolegs

Order Hymenoptera stingers are modifications of

reproductive apparatus

Apocrita

bees, wasps, ants

- have distinct constriction between the first and second abdominal segments

Apis mellifera

European honey bee

- dependent on for pollination of food production

Halteres

Highly modified wings used for balance rather than flight. Usually are club- shaped structures; found on the metathorax of true flies (Diptera).

Nematocera

wings can fold directly over body

Brachycera

wings tent over the body

Hessian fly

major pest of what

- of economic and medical importance

- Order Diptera

Examples of flys that are major vectors of human diseases

- black, deer, horse, tsetse flies

Chaetotaxy

arrangement of bristles

forensic entomology

The study of insects to determine such matters as a person's time of death.

Ensifera

Crickets and Katydids with long, thin antennae

Order Neuroptera

lacewings, antlions

- heavily veined wings, tent like over body

Order Hemiptera

true bugs

- contain hemielytra

- killed Charles Darwin = Chagas disease

hemielytra

The half leathery, half membranous wings of true bugs like stink bugs.

Order Odonata

dragonflies and damselflies

- 2 pairs of long wings (identical)

Order Thysanoptera

Thrips

- heavy infestations can damage plants

Order Trichoptera

Caddisflies

- wings covered w/ scales

Vertebrate evolutionary characteristics

1. More developed endoskeleton

- cartilage/bone

2. Skeleton provides anchor points for segmented muscles

- skull = 3 units

3. Changes is physiological systems

- gills, digestive tract, kidneys

Ostracoderms

heavily armored jawless fishes, mostly small

- during Silurian and Devonian

Subphylum Hexapoda

all are six-legged

Class insecta

- over 50% of animal species

- over 1 million species

Agnatha

jawless fish

- 120 species

Gnathostomata

jawed fishes

- 60,000 species

Tetrapoda

amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

The class Insecta has Malphighian tubules which is a

a system that removes nitrogen-waste from the blood without losing water

Examples of Insect borne diseases

- Malaria (Anopheles)

- Epidemic typhus

- African sleeping sickness

Class Collembola

Springtails

instar

stage between molts

Order Coleoptera lives where

live anywhere except regions with permanent ice

elytra

a beetle's hardened forewings

What is the second most diverse insect order?

Lepidoptera

Flies have ____ wings, while wasps have ________.

2 wings, 4 wings

Hymenoptera have _______ mouthparts, while Diptera have _________.

chewing, piercing

Order Hymenoptera females cannot breed because

they are supposed to be workers

Order Orthoptera

grasshoppers and crickets

- large hind legs used for jumping

tegmina

leathery forewings

Tympana

the ears of crickets, katydids and grasshoppers that are not on their heads, but are on their legs or abdomen

Caelifera

short-horned grasshoppers

ootheca

A protective structure many female insects construct around their eggs.

All living deuterostomes are

coelomates

Lepidoptera

butterflies and moths

What is the largest Insecta order?

order Coleoptera

Phylum Chaetognatha

- arrow worms

- have bristles (teeth) around the mouth, aid in prey capture

- postanal tail

- 100 species known

Phylum Echinodermata

starfish, sea stars, brittle stars

- went from bilateral symmetry to radial symmetry over time

- around 7,000 species

bipinnaria larva

the first stage in larva development of most starfish, followed by the brachiolaria stage

- bilateral symmetry

ossicles

bone pieces

water vascular system

A network of hydraulic canals unique to echinoderms that branches into extensions called tube feet, which function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange

- can over power other organisms without using muscles

pedicellarie

numerous tiny pincers that surrounds the spines

dermal branchiae

skin gills

statocysts

a small organ of balance and orientation in some aquatic invertebrates, consisting of a sensory vesicle or cell containing statoliths.

bursae

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid

The simpler your anatomy, _______

the easier it is to do asexual reproduction

sea cucumbers are unique in that

they can regenerate their internal organs

Asteroidea

sea stars

- 1,500 species

Ophiuroidea

brittle stars, basket stars

- 1,600 species

Echinoidea

sea urchins, sand dollars

- 1,000 species

- fused ossicles

Radial symmetry makes sense when organisms

are stationary and can't move

ampullae

the bulb that squeezes water into the tube foot