Unit 3: Cellular Energetics

hydrogen ions

hydrogen ions

As the ________ move back into the stroma through ATP synthase, ATP is produced.

Photosynthesis

________ is the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy.

Autotrophs

________ are using light and ADP and phosphates (thats phosphorylation) to produce ATP.

Yeast cells

________ and some bacteria make ethanol and carbon dioxide.

NAD+

________ and NADH are constantly being turned into each other as electrons are being carried and then unloaded.

anaerobic version of respiration

When oxygen is not available, the ________ occurs.

ATP

________ consists of a molecule of adenosine bonded to three phosphates.

Enzymes

________ are biological catalysts that speed up reactions which is by lowering the activation energy and helping the transition state to form.

II

Photosystem I and photosystem ________ were numbered in order of their discovery, not the order they are used in photosynthesis.

Glycolysis

________ also gives two pyruvates and two NADH.

transport chain

The electron ________ stops working, and electron carriers have nowhere to drop their electrons.

Vitamins

________ are examples of organic coenzymes.

enzymatic activity

A cell can control ________ by regulating the conditions that influence the shape of the enzyme.

Cellular respiration

________ is a process of breaking down sugar and making ATP.

thylakoid

To replenish the electrons in the ________, water is split into oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons.

strict set of biological

Because the fit between the enzyme and the substrate must be perfect, enzymes operate only under a(n) ________ conditions.

Krebs cycle

The ________ occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

Pyruvic acid

________ is transported to the mitochondrion.

absorption spectrum

A(n) ________ shows how well a certain pigment absorbs electromagnetic radiation.

Oxygen

________ combines with these electrons (and some hydrogens) to form water.

light absorbing

They contain chlorophyll, a(n) ________ pigment that drives photosynthesis, as well as enzymes involved in the process.

dark reactions

The ________ are also called the Calvin- Benson Cycle.

consequence of anaerobic respiration

A cramp was possibly the ________.

P680

When a leaf captures sunlight, the energy is sent to ________, the reaction center for photosystem II.

Enzymatic reactions

________ can be influenced by a number of factors, such as temperature and pH.

Exergonic reactions

________ are those in which the products have less energy than the reactants.

Aerobic respiration

________ consists of four stages containing a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes:

frequency of collisions

An increase in the temperature of a reaction increases the ________ among the molecules.

pyruvate

The ________ turns into either lactic acid (in muscles) or ethanol (in yeast)

Citrate

________ gets turned into several other things, and because the cycle begins with a four- carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, it eventually gets turned back into oxaloacetate to maintain the cycle by joining with the next acetyl- CoA coming down the pipeline.

photolysis

The electrons from ________ replace the missing electrons in photosystem II.

function of radiation

Light absorbed is plotted as a(n) ________ wavelength.

Cofactors

________ can be either organic molecules called coenzymes or inorganic molecules or ions.

Carbon fixation

________ means is that CO2 from the air is converted into carbohydrates.

mitochondria

In the ________, pyruvate is turned into acetyl- CoA and 1 NADH is made; double this if you are counting per glucose.

course of a reaction

The ________ can be represented by an energy diagram.

Organisms

________ can use exergonic processes that increase energy, like breaking down ATP, to power endergonic reactions, like building organic macromolecules.

Law of Thermodynamics

First ________: Cells can not take energy out of thin air.

second electron

The electrons are passed through a(n) ________ transport chain until they reach the final electron acceptor NADP+ to make NADPH.

Glycolysis

________ also creates two NADH, which result from the transfer of electrons to the carrier NAD+, which then becomes NADH.

autotrophs

In ________, the sugar is made during photosynthesis.

Enzymes

________ can be turned on or off by things that bind to them.

ATP

In photosynthesis, protons are pumped from the stroma into the thylakoids compartment, and they return to the stroma through a(n) ________ synthase down their concentration gradient.

Krebs cycle

The ________ begins with each molecule of acetyl- CoA produced from the second stage of aerobic respiration combining with oxaloacetate, a four- carbon molecule, to form a six- carbon molecule, citric acid or citrate.

P680

The activated electrons are trapped by ________ and passed to a molecule called the primary acceptor, and then they are passed down to carriers in the electron transport chain.

dark reactions

The ________ use the products of the light reactions- ATP and NADPH- to make sugar.

hydrogen ions

The energy released from the electron transport chain is used to pump ________ across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix into the inter- membrane space.

enzymatic reactions

In ________, the targeted molecules are known as substrates.

pyruvate

The ________ and NADH make a deal with each other, and ________ helps NADH get recycled back into NAD+ and takes its electrons.

transport chain

The electrons travel down the electron ________ until they reach the final electron acceptor, oxygen.

First Law of Thermodynamics

Cells cannot take energy out of thin air

Second Law of Thermodynamics

It states that energy transfer leads to less organization

Enzymes Do

increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the reactions activation energy form temporary enzyme-substrate complexes remain unaffected by the reaction

Enzymes Dont

change the reaction make reactions occur that would otherwise not occur at all

C4 plants produce a four

carbon molecule as the first product of carbon fixation and perform cyclic electron flow in the light reactions

Glucose is a six-carbon molecule that is broken into two three

carbon molecules called pyruvic acid

In the mitochondria, pyruvate is turned into acetyl

CoA and 1 NADH is made; double this if you are counting per glucose

The mitochondrial production of acetyl

CoA and the Krebs cycle cease too