APUSH Period 2

Father of Tobacco

John Rolfe

House of Burgesses

Representative parliamentary created to govern Virginia and it was the first elected legislative body in British North America. It was one of the first signs of self government.

Act of Toleration (Maryland)

Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial per

Barbados slave code 

Denied the most fundamental rights to slave and gave masters complete control over their laborers, including the right to inflict violent punishments for the littlest things

English Civil War

Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.

Pennsylvania

A Middle Colony founded by William Penn in 1681 as a haven for Quakers and religious freedom, known for its fertile land and tolerant policies.

Squatters

Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina’s early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony’s reputation as being more independent-minded and egalitarian than its neighbors.

Tuscarora War

Began with an Indian attack on New Bern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation.

Yamasee Indians

Defeated by the South Carolinians in the war of 1715–1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the southern colonies. 

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia

John Wesley

A missionary who was armed with bibles and hoped to arrive in savannah to work with the Yamasee Indians and Native Americans. He founded the first methodist church

Martin Luther

Declared the bible was alone the source of god’s words

Calvinsim

Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination—that only “the elect” were destined for salvation.

John Calvin

Built onto Luther’s ideas. He emphasized the sovereignty of God and the doctrine of predestination, influencing Protestant Reformation greatly.

Predestination

Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the “elect.

Conversion

Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual’s place among the “elect,” or the “visible saints.” Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation.

Puritans

English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only “visible saints” should be admitted to church membership.

Separatists

Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts, in 1620. They were appalled that some protestants believed that only visible saints should be allowed church membership, causing them to break away.

Mayflower Compact

Before the seperatists disembarked the mayflower, they signed the mayflower compact. it was an agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony.

William Bradford

One of the main leaders of the pilgrims

Massachusetts Bay Colony

After Charles I threatened to kill someone who was anti puritanm a group of non separatist puritans feared for their faith they secured a royal charter to form the Massachusetts bay company. They proposed to establish a settlement in the Massachusetts area with boston being the hub. Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies.

Great English Migration

Continuing turmoil in England caused more puritans to go to Massacheusitts. Migration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose—to establish a model Christian settlement in the New World.

John Winthrop

First governor of Massahceusitts Bay Colony and he thought democracy was the worst type of government.

John Cotton

Religous leaders tried influencing religion in the colonies. A clergymen who devoted his learning to defending the government's duty to enforce religious rules

Anne Hutchinson

A girl who was banished from the MBC when she claimed a holy life was no sure sign of salvation.

Antinomianism

 Belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson.

Roger Williams

A man threatening to Puritan leaders as he challenged the legitimacy of the Bay Colony’s charter. He was then banished and fled to Rhode Island where he built the first ever Baptist Church. He established complete freedom of religion and needed no oaths.

Reverend Thomas Hooker

Led an energetic group of Boston Puritans and he swarmed into the Hartford area.

Fundmental Orders

Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River valley, this document was the first “modern constitution” establishing a democratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut’s colonial charter and, later, its state constitution.

Pequot War

As more english settlers arrived hostilities exploded between the english and pequot tribe. Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies.

Metacom

Elected chief of Wampanoag tribe. He mounted a series of attacks on english villages throughout new england.

King Philip’s War

Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.This slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.

New England Confederation

Weak union of the colonies in Massachusetts and Connecticut led by Puritans for the purposes of defense and organization; an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War.

What happened to the Massacheusitts Bay Colony Charter? Connecut? Rhode Island?

MBC was revoked. Connecticut and RI were given one.

Navigation Laws

Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England.

 Dominion of New England

Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros, who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control.

Glorious Revolution

Overthrow, in 1688, of the Catholic King James II of England. Rebellious English nobles invited the Protestant William of Orange to replace James II in a relatively bloodless coup. The event affirmed England’s constitutional balance between parliament and the crown.

salutary neglect

Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763.

Quakers

Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Blue laws

Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania.

Chesapeake used what resource the most?

Tobacco

Indentured servants

Migrants, who in exchange for transatlantic passage and “freedom dues”, bound themselves to colonial employers for a term of service (4-7 years)

Headright system

This system allowed an individual to acquire 50 acres of land if he paid for a laborer’s passage to the colony

Governor William Berkely

Governor of virginia and aimed for nice policies towards the Indians.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley’s refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite.

Royal African Company

English joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges.

middle passage

Transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates were notoriously high.

Slave codes

Set of laws beginning in 1662 defining racial slavery. They established the hereditary nature of slavery and limited the rights and education of slaves.

Congregational Church

Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church

Jeremiad

Often-fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mid-seventeenth century; named after the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah.

Half Way Covenant

 Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second- and third-generation Puritans.

Salem Witch Trials

Series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the governor of Massachusetts.

Leisler’s Rebellion 

Armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the ruling elite of New York. One of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to recreate European social structures in the New World.

borderlands

Places where two or more nations or societies border each other, and where power is dispersed among competing actors, resulting in fluid social relations, hybrid cultures, and the absence of firmly agreed sovereignty. During the colonial era in North America, borderlands were often places where European empires and Native American societies engaged with each other, including the Great Lakes and the Missouri Valley regions. Other examples include the vast territory from Texas to California where Hispanic and Anglophone cultures have intermingled for centuries.

Paxton Boys

Armed march on Philadelphia by Scots-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment’s lenient policies toward Native Americans.

Regulator movement

Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite.

Triangular Trade

Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade.

Molasses Act

Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling.

Arminianism

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God’s grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election.

Great Awakening

Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second Great Awakening arose in the nineteenth century.

Old Lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality.

New lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening.

Poor Richard’s Almanck

Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.

Zenger Trial

New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.

royal colonies

Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the king. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic.

proprietary colonies

Colonies—Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware—under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors